Optimization proposal for the HAVC

system of CIESOL using PCMs

Prof. Marcos Luján Pérez
Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo
8-9, November 2019
Antofagasta 1
Solar Heating and Cooling system
currently installed at CIESOL, Almería

Batlles & Rosiek (2013)

The need to store solar exergy

Offer and demand of exergy

Offer and demand of exergy

Exergy to store
Demand

Offer Direct use

Direct use 30-40%
20-30%

0h 12 h 24 h 0h 12 h 24 h

Day time Day time

3
HVAC system at CIESOL, Almería

5 m3 5 m3 2 m3 3 m3

4
Cooling needs of CIESOL center

5
Energy efficiency (m) of a solar collector

Solaris CP1

𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑜
𝜇 = ℎ𝑜 − ℎ1
𝐺
ℎ𝑜 = 0,787
ℎ1 = 4,206

6
80 collectors of 2 m2
 Energy vs Exergy efficiency of a solar collector
Solar radiation for august in Almería, Spain; 80 collectors Solaris CP1, 30° south

Energy Flux Exergy flux

180 180
160 160
140 140

Exergy flux kW
Energy flux kW

120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60
40
40
20
20
0
0

5:01
5:46
6:31
7:16
8:01
8:46
9:31
10:16
11:01
11:46
12:31
13:16
14:01
14:46
15:31
16:16
17:01
17:46
18:31
4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00

Radiative energy kW Collected energy kW Radiative exergy kW Collected exergy kW

Exergy Efficiency
𝑚𝑐 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑐 = 4,8 𝑙/𝑠 10%
𝜇= 𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 80 °𝐶
𝐺∗𝑆 8%

6%
𝑚𝑐 𝜓𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝜓𝑖𝑛 4%
𝜉= 7
𝜑∗𝐺∗𝑆 2%

0%
6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
 Collector Exergy efficiency vs flux and Tin
Collector Exergy Efficiency vs Tin, mc = 4,8 L/s Daily Collector Efficiency vs Tin and water flux in l/s
12% 9%

8%
10%
7%

8% 6%

5%
6%
4%

4% 3%

2%
2%
1%

0% 0%
5:00 7:00 9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Day time Tin °C

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 2,88 4,80 7,20

According to Chamoli S.
Bayrak F. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 74
Optimum daily exergy efficiency is 4%
(2017) 755–770 8
Chamoli S.,J. Energy South. Afr., 24(3), pp 8-13 (2013)
From a paper review by Bayrak F. et al.
Mean daily exergy efficiency is 4,4 %
Exergy efficiency of a PCM

Tc Th
Cold source

Hot source
9
 Exergy analysis of a PCM for high temperature

PCM hysteresis cycle

H
𝑄𝑐 𝑄ℎ
Slope= apparent Cp
Heat source 𝐼 = 𝑇𝑜 Δ𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣. = 𝑇𝑜 +
𝑇𝑐 𝑇ℎ
Th > Tup 𝑄ℎ = −𝑄𝑐
Qh 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐
𝐼 = 𝑇𝑜 𝑄𝑐 heating
𝑇ℎ 𝑇𝑐 cooling
PCM 𝑇𝑎
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑛 = − 1 − 𝑄
𝑇ℎ ℎ
Exergy efficiency ∆𝑇
Qc
𝑇ℎ
To Tc Tlow Tfus Tup Th Temp
Heat use −1
𝑇𝑐 𝑇ℎ = 𝑇𝑓𝑢𝑠 + Δ𝑇/2
Tc < Tlow 𝜀 =1− 𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑓𝑢𝑠 − Δ𝑇/2
𝑇ℎ
𝑇𝑜
−1 10
 Efficiency of a PCM as function of Tfus and
DT of hysteresis 100%

80%

60%

𝑇ℎ 40% DT 5°C
−1
𝑇𝑐 DT 10°C
𝜀 =1− 20%
𝑇ℎ
−1
𝑇𝑜 0%
25 75 125
𝑇𝑜 = 25 °𝐶 Fusion Temperature in °C
𝑇ℎ = 𝑇𝑓𝑢𝑠 + Δ𝑇/2
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑓𝑢𝑠 − Δ𝑇/2 100%

80%

𝑇𝑐
1−
𝑇ℎ 60%
𝜀 =1−
𝑇
1− 𝑐
DT 3°C
40%
𝑇𝑜 DT 5°C

20% 11
0%
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Fusion temperature of PCM °C
PCMs figure of merit

Specific thermal capacity per unit volume

∆𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝜌 ∆𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝐶𝑝,𝑠 ∆𝑇/2 + ∆𝐻𝑡𝑟. + 𝐶𝑝,𝑙 ∆𝑇/2

𝐶𝑝 = Donde: 𝜌 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝐶𝑀
∆𝑇 ∆𝑇 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔/𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔

Apparent Vol. Cp
Tfus ∆𝑻 Efficiency
Material MJ m-3 K-1
°C °𝑪 To = 293 K

LiNO3-NaNO3-Mn(NO3)2.H2O 10,8 11,72 7 43,8%

LiNO3.Mn(NO3)2.Mg(NO3)2.H2O 13,1 9,09 11,5 8,7%
Water/Ice 0 35,07 8 64,7%
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 Thermal storage systems considered
𝑇𝑑,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑓𝑢𝑠 − Δ𝑇ൗ2

65% of the volume PCM

35% of the volume water

𝑇𝑐ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑓𝑢𝑠 + Δ𝑇ൗ2

Fusion Heat
Tank Specific Heat capacity Fusion Temp enthalpy Capacity
Material Volume m3 Density kg/m3 kj/(kgK) °C kJ/kg DT °C MJ/m3
PCM water PCM water
S83+water 2 1600 970 2,31 4,2 83 100 10 142,3
S89+water 2 1550 966 2,48 4,2 89 145 10 185,3
Water hot tank 5 971 4,2 6 24,5
S10+water 2 1470 1000 1,9 4,2 10 170 3 172,3 13
Water cold
tank 3 1000 4,2 5,5 23,1
Chiller’s performance

RCC=70 kW
RHI= 100 kW

𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑄𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶𝐹 ∗ 𝐹𝐶𝐹 ∗ 𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 𝑚𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑝 Δ𝑇𝑐ℎ

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑄𝑔 = 𝐻𝐼𝐹 ∗ 𝐹𝐶𝐹 ∗ 𝑅𝐻𝐼 = 𝑚ℎ 𝑐𝑝 Δ𝑇ℎ

3,05 l/s

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4,8 l/s
 Chiller’s exergy efficiency
Conditions:
mh= 4,8 L/s (100%); DTh variable
mch= 3,05 L/s ; Tch,out=7°C; DTch variable

Cooling power vs Th,in and hot water flux Exergy efficiency vs Th,in and hot water flux
90 45%

80 40%

70 35%
Cooling power in kW

60 30%

Exergy efficiency
50 100% 25% 100%

40 80% 80%
20%
60% 60%
30 15%
40% 40%
20 10%

10
5%
15
0
0%
70 75 80 85 90 95 100
70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Hot water incoming temperature °C
Hot water incoming temperature °C
 Exergy analysis of present state

Solar collector

87,2°C 75,7°C 7°C

Heat
Absorption Cold Cooling
storage 10,9°C
78,9°C 71,2°C Chiller storage needs
tank
Hot Water Cold Water

Solar Col. Heat storage Chiller Cold Storage Overall

Efficiency 5,42% 89,0% 35,2% 88,9% 1,51%

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Conditions for optimum
operation of cooling system
• Operate de collector at constant water flow with
an incoming temperature of 85°C
• Operate the chiller at a constant power with a
incoming hot water temperature between 70 to
77°C.
• Store heat as hot water ( two tanks of 19,6 m3)
or as S83PCM+water (2,8 m3) storing system.
• Store cooled water in tanks, volume depending
of the cooling needs. 17
Integrated PCM system in one tank
Charge Discharge

18
Configuration to improve exergy efficiency

Solar collector

89,5°C 77,5°C 7°C

Heat
Absorption Cold Cooling
storage 12,5°C
85°C 72,0°C Chiller storage needs
tank
PCM S10
PCM S83 + or
Water Water

Solar Col. Heat storage Chiller Cold Storage Overall

PCM heat 7,67% 85,6% 36,5% 61,6% 1,48%
and cold
PCM heat 7,67% 85,6% 36,5% 98,0% 2,35%

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Cooling power: 1.443,2 MJ/day
Cooling needs: 2.760,5 MJ/day Only 52,2% of august daily needs
Synthesis of results
98.0%
100%
89.0% 88.9%
85.6% 85.6%

80%

61.6%
60%

40% 35.2% 36.5% 36.5%

20%

7.7% 7.7%
5.4%
1.51% 1.48% 2.35%
0%
Solar Col. Heat storage Chiller Cold Storage Overall
20
Present PCM heat and cold PCM heat
Conclusions
• The exergy losses at the solar collector are critical for the
overall efficiency of the system.
• The absorption chiller has to work at a constant power rate
with incoming hot water between 70-77°C.
• The best way to store heat is with a water tank, but with a
high volume, a PCM S83 could be used to reduce volume.
• To store cold it is not convenient to use a PCM due to its low
exergy efficiency, cold water is better, despite de volume.

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¡Many Thanks!

Prof. Marcos Luján Pérez

lujan@ucbcba.edu.bo
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