Optimization of a solar air conditioning

system with thermal energy storage

based on exergy analysis
Prof. Marcos Luján Pérez

9-11, september 2019

La Paz - Bolivia 1
Energy use in domestic buildings

Other (8); 10.24%

Computers; 1.66%
Cooking; 3.14%
Wet Cleaning (7); 3.38%
Space Heating (4); 44.22%
Electronics (6); 2.89%
Refrigeration (5); 3.98%

Lighting; 4.64%

Water Heating; 16.90%

Space Cooling; 8.94%

http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov.
70 % 2

Heating and Cooling

Systems
Solar Heating and Cooling system
currently installed at CIESOL, Almeríía

Batlles & Rosiek (2013)

Exergy content of a fluid: availability

If , the process is spontaneous

T; P If the process needs work (exergy)

spontaneous

To; Po

To; Po Needs work

The need to store solar exergy

Ofer and demand of exergy

Ofer and demand of exergy

Exergy to store
Demand

Ofer Direct use

Direct use 30-40%
20-30%

0h 12 h 24 h 0h 12 h 24 h

Day time Day time

5
¿How to store exergy?

Chemical exergy: batteries, hydrogen (60-80%)

Potential exergy: elevated water tank (60-70%)

6
Kinetical exergy: inertial systems (50-85%)
Thermal exergy: thermal mass , PCMs (20- 90%)
HVAC system at CIESOL, Almeríía

5 m3 5 m3 2 m3 3 m3

7
Cooling needs of CIESOL center

8
Exergy flux in solar radiation

for y

R. Petela, Exergy of heat radiation. J. Heat Transfer 86, pp. 187-192 (1964)
Energy efficiency (m) of a solar collector

Solaris CP1

10

80 collectors of 2 m2
 Energy vs Exergy efficiency of a solar collector
Solar radiation for august in Almería, Spain; 80 collectors Solaris CP1, 30° south

Energy Flux Exergy fux

180
180
160
160
140
140
120
120
Energy fux kW

Exergy fux kW
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0 01 46 31 16 01 46 31 16 01 46 31 16 01 46 31 16 01 46 31
4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 5: 5: 6: 7: 8: 8: 9: 10: 11: 11: 12: 13: 14: 14: 15: 16: 17: 17: 18:

Ra diative exergy kW Col l ected exergy kW

Radiative energy kW Col l ected energy kW

Exergy Efficiency
10%
9%
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3% 11
2%
1%
0%
6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
 Collector Exergy efficiency vs flux and Tin
Collector Exergy Efficiency vs Tin, mc = 4,8 L/s Daily Collector Efficiency vs Tin and water fux in l/s
12%
9%

10% 8%

7%
8%
6%
6%
5%

4% 4%

3%
2%
2%
0%
5:00 7:00 9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 1%

Day time 0%
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

50 60 70 80 Tin °C
90 100 110 120
2,88 4,80 7,20

According to Chamoli S.
Bayrak F. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 74
Optimum daily exergy efficiency is 4%
(2017) 755–770 12
Chamoli S.,J. Energy South. Afr., 24(3), pp 8-13 (2013)
From a paper review by Bayrak F. et al.
Mean daily exergy efficiency is 4,4 %
Exergy efficiency of a PCM

Tc Th
Cold source

Hot source
13
 Exergy analysis of a PCM for high temperature

PCM hysteresis cycle

H
Slope= apparent Cp
Heat source
Th > Tup
Qh
heating
cooling
PCM

Exergy efficiency

Qc
To Tc Tlow Tfus Tup Th
Heat use
Tc < Tlow Temperature
14
Efficiency of a PCM as function of Tfus and
DT of hysteresis 100%

80%

60%

40% DT 5°C
DT 10°C

20%

0%
25 45 65 85 105 125
Fusion Temperature in °C

100%

80%

60%

40% DT 3°C
DT 5°C

20% 15

0%
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Fusion temperature of PCM °C
PCMs figure of merit

Specific thermal capacity per unit volume

Donde:

Apparent Vol. Cp
Tfus Efficiency
Material MJ m-3 K-1 To = 293 K
°C

LiNO3-NaNO3-Mn(NO3)2.H2O 10,8 11,72 7 43,8%

LiNO3.Mn(NO3)2.Mg(NO3)2.H2O 13,1 9,09 11,5 8,7%
Water/Ice 0 35,07 8 64,7%
16
 Thermal storage systems
considered

65% of the volume PCM

35% of the volume water

Fusion Heat
Tank Specific Heat capacity kj/ Fusion Temp enthalpy Capacity
Material Volume m3 Density kg/m3 (kgK) °C kJ/kg DT °C MJ/m3
PCM water PCM water
S83+water 2 1600 970 2,31 4,2 83 100 10 142,3
S89+water 2 1550 966 2,48 4,2 89 145 10 185,3
Water hot tank 5 971 4,2 6 24,5
S10+water 2 1470 1000 1,9 4,2 10 170 3 172,3 17
Water cold
tank 3 1000 4,2 5,5 23,1
Chiller’s performance

100 kW

3,05 l/s

18
4,8 l/s
 Chiller’s exergy efficiency
Conditions:
mh= 4,8 L/s (100%); DTh variable
mch= 3,05 L/s ; Tch,out=7°C; DTch variable

Cooling power vs Thw,in and hot water fux Exergy efficiency vs Thw,in and hot water fux
90 45%

80 40%

70 35%

60 30%
Cooling power in kW

Exergy efficiency
100% 100%
50 25%
80% 80%
60% 60%
40 20%
40% 40%
30 15%

20 10%

10
5%
19
0
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 0%
70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Hot water incoming temperature °C
Hot water incoming temperature °C
 Exergy analysis of present
state
Solar collector

87,2°C 75,7°C 7°C

Heat
Absorption Cold Cooling
storage
78,9°C 71,2°C Chiller 10,9°C storage needs
tank
Hot Water Cold Water

Solar Col. Heat storage Chiller Cold Storage Overall

Efficiency 5,42% 89,0% 35,2% 88,9% 1,51%

20
Conditions for optimum
operation of cooling
system
• Operate de collector at constant water fow with
an incoming temperature of 85°C
• Operate the chiller at a constant power with a
incoming hot water temperature between 70 to
77°C.
• Store heat as hot water ( two tanks of 19,6 m3)
or as S83PCM+water (2,8 m3) storing system.
• Store cooled water in tanks, volume depending
of the cooling needs. 21
Integrated PCM system in one
tank
Charge Discharge

22
Configuration to improve exergy
efficiency

Solar collector

89,5°C 77,5°C 7°C

Heat
Absorption Cold Cooling
storage
85°C 72,0°C Chiller 12,5°C storage needs
tank
PCM S10
PCM S83 + or
Water Water
Solar Col. Heat storage Chiller Cold Storage Overall
PCM heat 7,67% 85,6% 36,5% 61,6% 1,48%
and cold
PCM heat 7,67% 85,6% 36,5% 98,0% 2,35%

23
Cooling power: 1.443,2 MJ/day
Cooling needs: 2.760,5 MJ/day Only 52,2% of august daily needs
Synthesis of results
100% 98.0%

89.0% 88.9%
85.6% 85.6%

80%

61.6%
60%

40% 35.2% 36.5% 36.5%

20%

7.7% 7.7%
5.4%
1.5% 1.5% 2.4%
0%
Solar Col. Heat storage Chiller Cold Storage Overall
24
Present PCM heat and cold PCM heat
Other way to improve efficiency
Summer Ti < To

Sun

15% Solar PV

50% Heat Pump Hot water, 40°C

Work
P Cold water 7°C
C Heat
pump
M Meggers F. et al., Energy 41 (2012) 48-55

7,5% overall efficiency

25
To; Po
Conclusions
• The exergy losses at the solar collector are critical for the
overall efficiency of the system.
• The absorption chiller has to work at a constant power rate
with incoming hot water between 70-77°C.
• The best way to store heat is with a water tank, but with a high
volume, a PCM S83 could be used to reduce volume.
• To store cold it is not convenient to use a PCM due to its low
exergy efficiency, cold water is better, despite de volume.
• It may be necessary to change to a heat pump in order
improve the efficiency and to meet the cooling needs.

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¡Many Thanks!

Prof. Marcos Luján Pérez

lujan@ucbcba.edu.bo
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