FITS &

TOLERANCES
UNIT 3 0 – MEASUREMENTS & INSP ECTION TECH

HARDEEP SINGH
ENGINEERING DRAWING
AIMS & OBJECTIVES
• Recognise geometric tolerance symbols
• Interpret types of tolerance and its uses.
• Interpret ISO fitting tolerances.
• Interpret ANSI fitting tolerances.
ACTIVITY 1 – GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCE SYMBOLS
• Get in groups of 5
• Match the symbols with the words – Engineering logic in play !!
• Use your devices to do research
• Match your results with another group
• Discuss your results
 TOLERANCE ?
Why tolerance ?
• Since it is impossible to realise an absolute dimension, it is necessary to
determine acceptable limits for this dimension outside of which the part cannot
be used.
• Since, in industry, a large number of identical parts are used, it is necessary to be
able to interchange these parts and maintain the desired fit without additional
machining. How to use tolerances
• Tolerance also allows us to determine the degree of precision needed in
different applications. This selection of appropriate tolerance avoids unneeded
precision of non-precise parts, therefore reducing machining costs. Tolerances are used by putting the
tolerance of each dimension on the
drawing and by taking into account
the function of each part,
considering the way in which the
part is to be manufactured and
used.
 FIT !
• The relationship between the two mating parts that are to be assembled, that is, the hole and
the shaft, with respect to the difference in their dimensions before assembly is called a fit.”
• An ideal fit is required for proper functioning of the mating parts.
 TYPES OF TOLERANCES

• Limit Dimensioning

• Unilateral

• Bilateral
 TYPES OF TOLERANCES

Tolerance = total amount of variation

31.78 – 31.75 = 0.03
Dimension could be 31.78 or 31.75
or any value between them
TYPES OF TOLERANCES
• Find the Shaft and Hole tolerance ?

• Find the dimensions with the combined LOOSEST FIT ?

• Find the dimension with the combined TIGHEST FIT ?

 TYPES OF FITS

• Clearance Fit
• Interference Fit
• Transition Fit
 TYPES OF FITS…..

• Clearance Fit
• Interference Fit
• Transition Fit
 TYPES OF FITS….. DEFINITIONS !
• Nominal size: The dimension to which a part to be made if it were possible to
manufacture to exact size.
• Tolerances: The total amount by which a given dimension may vary or the difference
between limits.
• Limits: The max. and min. sizes indicated by a tolerance dimensions.

limits for the hole = 1.251 and 1.250

limits for the shaft = 1.247 and 1.248

• Allowance: minimum clearance space

Clearance fit = (+ve) allowance Clearance fit = (+ve) allowance
 MACHINE OPERATION & TOLERANCES
• Manufacturing costs increases considerably as tolerances zones decrease. Hence, general
tolerances are often adopted, which allow reasonable limits for every day applications. They may
vary depending on the type of product and degree of precision required.

General Tolerances: General Tolerances: (mm)

• Drilling ± 0.125
• Turning – diameters ± 0.15
• Grinding – surfaces ± 0.025
MACHINE OPERATION & TOLERANCES
• The machining process under normal
conditions, produce the International Tolerances
(IT) grades indicated.
MACHINE OPERATION & TOLERANCES
 BASIC HOLE AND SHAFT SYSTEMS
• Given basic size of 15mm, allowance of 0.02mm, hole machining has a precision of ±0.01mm and
shaft machining of ± 0.02mm.
• Determine the hole and shaft limits for a basic hole fit.

• Draw a detailed diagram as shown above and highlight all key tolerances and allowance - Given basic size of
20mm, allowance of 0.02mm, hole machining has a precision of ±0.01mm and shaft machining of ± 0.02mm.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
ORGANIZATION (ISO) TOLERANCES AND
FITS
• The ISO system of limits and fits for mating parts is approved and adopted for general use in the United States. It establishes the
designation symbols used to define specific dimensional limits on drawings.
• The general terms "hole" and "shaft" can also be taken as referring to the space containing or contained by two parallel faces of any
part, such as the width of a slot, or the thickness of a key.
• An "International Tolerance Grade“ (IT) establishes the magnitude of the tolerance zone or the amount of part size variation allowed
for internal and external dimensions alike. The smaller the grade number the smaller the tolerance zone.
• Grades 1 to 4 are very precise grades intended primarily for gage making and similar precision work, although grade 4 can also be used
for very precise production work.
• Grades 5 to 16 represent a progressive series suitable for cutting operations, such as turning, boring, grinding, milling, and sawing.
Grade 5 is the most precise grade, obtainable by the fine grinding and lapping, while 16 is the coarsest grade for rough sawing and
machining.
• Grades 12 to 16 are intended for manufacturing operations such as cold heading, pressing, rolling, and other forming operations.
ISO
• The ISO System of Limits and Fits is a coordinated system of hole and shaft tolerances for
engineering and manufacturing used for cutting tools, material stock, gages, etc. If held to these
tolerances, cutting tools, material stock, and gages are generally available throughout the world.
• The hole basis fits have four preferred hole tolerances (H11, H9, H8, and H7).
• The shaft basis fits have four preferred shaft tolerances (h11, h9, h7, and h6) .
 ISO – TERMINOLOGIES
• Basic size — the size to which limits or deviations are assigned. The basic size is
the same for both members of a fit. It is designated by the number 40 in 40H7.
• Deviation — the algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic
size.
• Upper deviation — the algebraical difference between the maximum limit of size
and the corresponding basic size
• Lower deviation — the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size
and the corresponding basic size
• Fundamental deviation — the one of the two deviations closest to the basic
size. It is designated by the letter H in 40H7

• Tolerance — the difference between the maximum and minimum size limits
on a part
• Tolerance zone — a zone representing the tolerance and its position in
relation to the basic size
• International tolerance grade (IT) — a group of tolerances which vary
depending on the basic size, but which provide the same relative level of
accuracy within a given grade. It is designated by the number 7 in 40H7 (IT7).
 ISO - INTERNATIONAL TOLERANCE
GRADE
• Hole basis — the system of fits where the minimum hole size is basic. The fundamental deviation for a hole basis system is “H”.
• Shaft basis — the system of fits where the maximum shaft size is basic. The fundamental deviation for a shaft basis system is “h”.
• International Tolerance grade - establishes the magnitude of the tolerance zone or the amount of part size variation allowed for
internal and external dimensions.
• Tolerances are expressed in “grade number,” which are consistent with International Tolerance grades identified by the prefix
IT, i.e., “IT6,” “IT11,” etc.
• A smaller grade number provides a smaller tolerance zone.
• Fundamental deviation establishes the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the basic size . Fundamental deviations are
expressed by “tolerance position letters.” Capital letters are used for internal dimensions, and lower case or small letters are used
for external dimensions.
• Symbols By combining the IT grade number and the tolerance position letter, the tolerance symbol is established which identifies the
actual maximum and minimum limits of the part. The tolerance sizes are thus defined by the basic size of the part followed by a symbol
composed of a letter and a number.
ISO – FITS COMBINATION
ISO - INTERNATIONAL TOLERANCE
GRADE

Precision work Coarse tolerance

ISO :286-2
ANSI - AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS
INSTITUTE
ANSI
 TASK !
HOLE
Parameter Value Unit
Designation ---

Hole Upper Deviation μm (0.001mm)

• You will be allocated a base size and a type of fit. Hole Lower Deviation μm (0.001mm)

• You are required to complete the table using the Maximum Hole Size mm
ISO Standards. Minimum Hole Size mm

• Draw schematic representation SHAFT

Parameter Value Unit
Designation ---

Shaft Upper Deviation μm (0.001mm)

Shaft Lower Deviation μm (0.001mm)

Maximum Shaft Size mm

Minimum Shaft Size mm
FIT
Parameter Value Unit
Designation ---
Fit Type ---
Maximum Clearance μm (0.001mm)
Minimum Clearance μm (0.001mm)