Chapter 1

Introduction to Statistics

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Rules of Engagement (ROEs)

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Word of Wisdom – Determination

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Learning Material

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 Types OF STATISTICS
statistics
Descriptive Statistics Inferential statistics

Method of collecting, summarizing consists of generalizing from samples

and describing data in an informative to populations by performing
way. estimations and hypothesis tests and
making predictions.

A cricket player wants to find his score A cricket player wants to estimate his
average for the last 20 games. chance of scoring based on his current
season average.

Mrs .. Rashid wants to determine the
average weekly amount she spent on
groceries in the past 6 months.
Based on last six months grocery bills, Mrs.
Rashid would like to predict the average
amount she will spend on groceries for the
upcoming year.
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 Class Activity
1) Nine out of ten on-the-job fatalities are men. Descriptive
2) Based on a random sample, it was concluded that the average cost of a
hotel room in Chicago was greater than one in Atlanta. Inferential
3) In a survey of 1000 adults, 34% said that they posted notes on social
media websites.
4) A study has concluded that the average credit card debt of college
graduates has increased from the year 2009 to 2010. inferential
5) The average Amazon.com rating of the book The Complete Idiot’s Guide
to Statistics by 26 reviewers is 4.6 on a scale of 1 to 5. descriptive
6) The average American viewer watches 151 hours of TV per month.
Inferential.
7) Recent survey showed only 46 percent of high school seniors can solve
problems involving fractions decimals, and percentages; and only 77
percent of high school seniors correctly totaled the cost of a salad,
burger, fries, and a cola on a restaurant menu.

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 Data and Types of Data

Data: A collection of facts from which conclusions may be

drawn is referred as data.
Qualitative Data: When the variable being studied is
nonnumeric, it is called a qualitative variable or an attribute.
• Gender
• religious affiliation
• type of automobile owned
• eye color.
Quantitative Data: When the variable studied can be
reported numerically, the variable is called a quantitative
variable.
• the balance in your checking account
• the age, height and weight of company presidents
• the life of an automobile battery
• the number of children in a family.
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Data and Types of Data (cont.)

• Quantitative data can be further classified into two groups: discrete

and continuous.
Discrete variables can assume only certain values, and there are
“gaps” between the values.
• the number of children in a family,
• Number of students in a classroom
• The number of deaths in an accident
continuous variable can assume any value within a specific range.
• Age of a person
• Weight of commodity
• Temperature.

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 Class Activity
Identify each of the following as examples of (I) Attribute, (2) Discrete, (3)
Continuous variables.
1. the hair color of children
2. length of time required for a wound to heal
3. the number of telephone calls arriving at a switch board per I hour
period
4. the breaking strength of a given type of a string
5. the number of questions answered correctly on a test
6. the number of stop signs in the city of Lahore
7. The color of your eye
8. the number of children in your family.

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 Levels of Measurement
• The level of measurement determines which statistical
calculations are meaningful.

Levels of Measurement

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

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 Nominal Level of Measurement
• Classifies data into mutually exclusive categories in
which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data.
• We may assign numbers (1,2,3…) to categories but these
numbers carry no numerical significance.
• Data at the nominal level of measurement are qualitative
only.
EXAMPLES
• Classifying survey subjects as male or female
• Religion
• Political party
• Textbooks you are using this semester

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 Ordinal Level of Measurement
• The ordinal level of measurement classifies data into
categories that can be ranked; however, precise
differences between the ranks do not exist.
• We can conclude which is better but can not tell by how
much is better.
• Data at the ordinal level of measurement are qualitative.
EXAMPLES
• Top 50 songs played on the radio
• Grades (A, B,C,D)
• Position (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
• Happiness
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 Interval Level of Measurement
• The interval level of measurement ranks data, and precise
differences between units of measure do exist; however,
there is no meaningful zero.
• A zero entry simply represents a position on a scale it
does not represent the absence of characteristic.
• Data at the interval level of measurement are quantitative.
Examples
• Temperatures
• Dress Size

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 Ratio Level of Measurement
• Data at the ratio level of measurement are similar to the
interval level, but a zero entry is meaningful.
• Ratio of two numbers is also meaningful.
• Zero point represent the absence of characteristic.
EXAMPLES:
• Wages
• Age
• Weight
• Money

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Summary of Levels of Measurement

Determine if
Put data Arrange
Level of Subtract one data value
in data in
measurement data values is a multiple of
categories order
another
Nominal Yes No No No
Ordinal Yes Yes No No
Interval Yes Yes Yes No
Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes

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 Class Activity
Classify each as nominal level, ordinal-level, internal-level or ratio-level
measurement
1. Weights of cars
2. Rankings of squash players.
3. Temperature of the city.
4. Salaries of the top five executives in bank.
5. Marital status
6. Ages of students.
7. Ratings of five players (Poor, Fair, Good, Excellent)
8. lQ of student
9. Rating of movies
10. Weights of suitcases on plane.

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 Sources of Data collection

Primary data: Data that have been originally collected

and haven’t undergone any sort of statistical treatment.
Examples:
• Census data
• Diaries
• Data collected by you for your research
DATA COLLECTION METHODS:
• Observation method,
• Interview method,
• Questionnaire method, and
• Schedule method.

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Secondary data: Data that have undergone any sort of statistical
method at least once.
• Books, media, news papers, articles,
• Wikipedia
• Encyclopedia
Data collection methods:
• Official
• Semi official
• Publications
• Research organizations

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Chapter 2:

Organization of Data

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INTRODUCTION:

• Organization of data means reformatting the collected data in

more understandable form.
Methods of organizing data:
• Classification
• tabulation
• Diagrams and graphs

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Classification

• The process of arranging data on the basis of some common

characteristics present in data.
Objectives:
• To condense the mass of data
• To display the points of similarity and dissimilarity
• Enables to make comparison and draw conclusions
• Prepare the ground for proper presentation of statistical facts.

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Types of Classification

Geographical Number of types of schools

in different provinces of
Pakistan
Chronological National income during 2000-2019
Classification
of data Daily expenditures of milk

Qualitative Gender
religion

Quantitative Age
Weight
Height

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