Intellectual

Revolutions
that Define
Society
 Scientific Revolution
Science defined as follows:

• Science as an Idea.

• Science as an Intellectual Activity.

• Science as a body of knowledge.

• Science as a personal and social activity.

Scientific Revolution - the period of enlightenment when

the developments in the field of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the
views of society about nature.
 SCIENCE
IDEAS

SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
HUMANS SOCIETY

FIGURE 1: INFLUENCES TO SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

 CREATIVITY SCIENCE
SCIENTISTS
IDEAS

PASSION TO
CURIOUSITY KNOW SCIENCE
DISCOVERIES

PASSION TO
CRITICAL DISCOVER TECHNOLOGY
THINKING

FIGURE 2: Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science

Discoveries, and Technology
 sOME
INTELLECTUALS &
THEIR
REVOLUTIONARY
IDEAS
 Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473-1543)
 A Mathematician and
astronomer.
 Publication of his book year
1543 : De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium (On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres)
 Copernicus Heliocentric
Model.
 Outlined two planetary motion:
(1) the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay
inside of the orbit of the Earth, thus,
closer to the Sun.
(2) the orbits of Mars, Saturn, and
Jupiter lay outside the Earth's orbit,
thus, farther from the Sun.
 Benefits Derived from Copernicus Concept

1. Financial benefits, opportunities for sustainable growth and job

creation in Europe.

2. Europe's Copernicus Programme uses accurate and timely data

from satellites and other sources to provide key information
services: (1) to improve the way the environment is managed; (2)
to help mitigate the effects of climate change; (3) enable the
creation of new applications and services for citizens and
businesses; (4) and to safeguard everyday lives.

3. The programme expected to generate new employment and

business opportunities throughtout Europe.
4. Copernicus concept of the universe has
also brought importance to economic
development. The activities related to
earth observation can provide leverage
fohe acceleration of Greece efforts to
develop new, competitive foundations and
in order to participate in a knowledge
based-economy.

5. Copernicus concept has importance in

European research and development by
accessing them for free under the open
data policy.
 Charles Darwin
 Had two natural evolution
theory:
(1) The Origin of Species (
1859)
(2) Descent of Man ( 1871)
Darwin's ideas on
evolution have touched
good aspects of modern
day society:
 In biological science, it
sheds light on fossils and
vice versa.
 In psychology, evolution
make sense.
 Charles Darwin
 Literature, technology,
music religion and others
also make use of the
theory of evolution as this
is pervasive in our society.
 In application to cutting
edge technology, the so-
called “Ecological Niche
Modeling” determines the
likelihood of an organism
surviving in a particular
ecosystem.
 Sigmund Freud
 Born on May 6, 1856.

 Austrian physician.

 Theorized three aspects of personality

that influenced human behavior:
(1) Structures or levels of the mind:
 Concious
 Pre-concious
 Unconcious
(2) Structures or levels of personality:
 Id
 Ego
 Super Ego
(3) The psychosexual stages of development:
 Oral (0-1 year old)
 Anal (1-3 years old)
 Phallic (4-6 years old)
 Latency (7-12 years old)
 Genital (13+ years old)
 Information Technology
Technologies role in society today has an over all impact of living.
 In education allows word document other than notebooks, it
has definitely lightened their loads. Technology also opened
up a whole learning environment. Knowledge can easily be
processed with the help of the internet technology now, and it
is easier to help children with special needs as well. E-learning
and online education has made it very simple and systematic
to secure knowledge.
 Personalized learning has come to fore. Students can pick
their own curriculum with ease.
 Business have become more profitable with the help of
various advanced maschines and this has led to a rise in the
standard of living of people. Global collaborations and
partnerships are easier to start and maintain and this benefits
everyone involved with international business.
Cradles of Early Science
 Development of Science in
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America
from Southern Mexico up to the border of South
America. There is no doubt that the Mesoamerican
region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the
arrival of its European colonizers.
Civilizations in Mesoamerica:
 Maya Civilization
 Inca Civilization
 Aztec Civilization
 Maya Civilization
 Famous civilization lasted for approximately 2,000
years.

 Mayans predict eclipse and using astronomical

cycles in planting and harvesting.

 They built hydraulic system with sophisticated

waterways to supply water to communities.

 Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a

rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called
mica.
 Maya Civilization
 Believed as the first people to produce
rubber 3,000 years before Goodyear
received its patent 1844.
 First writing system known as Mayan
hieroglyphics.
 Independently developed the concept
of zero and positional value, even
before the Romans did.
 Inca Civilization
1. Roads paved with stones.
2. Stone buildings that surmounted
earthquakes and other disasters.
3.Irrigation system and technique
for storing water for their crops to
grow in all types of land.
 Inca Civilization
1. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
festivals and prepare them for planting season.
2. The first suspension bridge.
3. Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep
records that only experts can interpret.
4. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially
prized artistic achievements.
 Aztec Civilization
1. Mandatory Education - Children are mandated to get education
regardless of their social class, gender, or age.

2. Chocolates - Valued cacao beans and made it as part of their tribute to

their gods.

3. Antispasmodic medication - Used to prevent muscle spams and relax

muscles, which could help during surgery.

4. Chinampa - Technology for agricultural farming in which land was

divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.

5. Aztec Calendar - Enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and

planting season.

6. Invention of the Canoe - A light narrow boat used for travelling in

water systems.
Development of Science in Asia
Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many
ancient civilization. It is the host to may cultural, economic,
scientific, and pitical activities of all ages. In the field of science,
technology and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out:

 India

 China

 Middle East Civilizartions

 India
 Astronomy: Developed theories on the configuration of the
universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of
360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.

 Their interest in astronomy was also evident in the first 12

chapters of Siddhanta Shiromani.

 This ancient text covered topics as such as, mean longitudes of

the planets, true longitudes of the planets, the three problems
of diurnal rotation, syzygies, lunar eclipses, solar eclipses,
latitudes of the planets, riings and settings, the moon's
crescent, conjunctions of the planets with fixed stars, and the
path of the Sun and Moon.
 Medicine : Ex. Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a
form of alternative medicine. Some ancient texts,like the Susruta
Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical
procedures famous in Ancient India.

 Mathematics: Tried to standardized measurement of length to a

high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro
rule.

 Mathematician Aryabhata (475-550), in his Aryabhatiya,

introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and
techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.

 In 628 AD, Brahmagupta, suggested that gravity was a force of

attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a
placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic
numeral system now used universally throughout the world.

 Madhava of Sangamagrama, considered as the founder of

mathematical analysis.
 China
 Traditional medicine: Practice of acupuncture and discovered
various medicine prrtice and uses of different plants and
animals to cure human illness.

 Technology: Developed many tools like compass, papermaking,

gunpowder, and pinting tools that became known in the West
only by the end of Middle Ages. They also invented iron plough,
wheelbarrow, and propeller. They developed a design of
different models of bridges, invented the first seismological
detector, and developed a dry dock facility.

 Chinese known in seismology. This made them more prepared

in natural calamities.
 Astronomy: Made significant records on
supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets,
which were carefully recorded and preserved to
understand better the heavenly bodies and their
effects to our world.

 They observed the heavenly bodies to understand

weather changes and seasons that may affect their
daily activities.

 They used lunar activities.

 China made substantial contributions in various

field. These contributions were made along with
mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine.

 It may have been religious and philosophical

framework of Chinese intellectuals that made them
unable to accept the ideas of laws of nature.
 Middle East Countries
 Middle East countries are predominatly occupied by Muslims. With the
spread of Islam in the 7th and th centuries, a period of Muslim
scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the
13th century.

 The common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the

Byzantine Empire, and ir proximity to India were contributory to the
intectualization of the Muslims and provided knowledge to create
innovations and develop new ideas. But contrary to the Greeks,
Muslim scientist placed greater value on science experiments rather
than plain-thought experiments.

 This led to the development of the scientific method in the Muslim

world. Ibn al-Haytham, regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for
his emperical proof of the intomission theory of light.
• Mathematics: Muhammad ibn Musa al-
Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of
the algorithm while the term algebra is
derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title
of one of his publication. The Arabic Numeral
System originally came from India, but Muslim
mathematicians make several refinements to
the number system, such as the introduction
of decimal point notation.

• Chemistry: Some scholars considered Jābir ibn

Hayyān to be the “Father of Chemistry”.
• Medicine: Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental
medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical
trials. His books: the Book of Healing and The Con of
Medicine, were used as standard medicinal texts in both
Muslim world and in Europe during 17th century. Among
his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious
nature of infectious diseases and the introduction clinical
pharmacology.

• There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant

contributions in the field of science, mathematics,
astronomy, philosophy, and field of social sciences. The
decline of this golden age of Islam started in the 11th to
13th century due to conquest of the Mongols whereby
libraries, observatories and other learning institutions were
destroyed.
Development of Science in Africa
 Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also
emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans
colonized it.

 The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made

significant advances in the field of astronomy, mathematics, and
medicine. The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early
dams built to divert water from the Nile River are some proof of their
advanced civilization.

 Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the

medieval forerunner of chemistry. They tried to study human
anatomyand pharmacology, and applied important components such
as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis the treatment of
diseases. These components displayed strong parallels to the basic
empirical method of studying science.
 Astronomy: Documents show the Africans used three
types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a
combination of the three.

 Metallurgy: North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron

technology from the near East region that enabled them
to benefit from the developments during the Bronze Age
until the Iron Age. They invented metal tools used in their
homes, in agriculture, and in building magnificent
architectures.

 Mathematics: The Lebombo Bone from the mountains

between Swaziland and South Africa, which may have
been tool for multiplication, division, and simple
mathematical calculation or a six month lunar calendar, is
considered to be the oldest known mathematical artefact
sated from 35,000 BCE.

 Egyptians are good in the four fundamental mathematical

operations and other mathematical skills. They have
knowledge in basic concepts in algebra and geometry.