THEORY OF SHIPS

SECOND LECTURE
BASIC DEFINITIONS, SHIP GEOMETRY(LINES PLAN),
HYDROSTATIC PROPERTIES(VOLUME OF DISPLACEMENT,
DISPLACEMENT, CENTRE OF BUOYANCY,COEFFICIENTS OF
FORM, TPC, WPA,WSA,LCF, TRIM, HEEL
BASIC DEFINITONS AND SHIP
GEOMETRY
BASIC DEFINITONS AND SHIP GEOMETRY
FP
AP
Shear

DWL

Lpp

LOA

• LOA(length over all ) : overall length of the vessel

• DWL(design waterline) : water line where the ship is designed to
float
• FP(forward perpendicular) : imaginary vertical line where the bow
intersects the DWL
• AP(aft perpendicular) : imaginary vertical line located at either
the rudder stock or intersection of the stern with DWL
BASIC DEFINITONS AND SHIP GEOMETRY

FP
AP
Shear

DWL

Lpp

LOA

• Lpp(length between perpendicular) : horizontal distance

from FP and AP
• Amidships : the point midway between FP and AP
• Sheer : longitudinal curvature given to deck
 Beam: B Camber
View of midship section

WL Freeboard

Depth: D

Draft: T

K
CL
• Depth(D): vertical distance measured from keel to deck taken at
amidships and deck edge in case the ship is cambered on the deck.
• Draft(T) : vertical distance from keel to the water surface
• Beam(B) : transverse distance across the each section
Breadth(B) : transverse distance measured amidships
 Beam: B Camber
View of midship section

WL Freeboard

Depth: D

Draft: T

K
CL

• Freeboard : distance from depth to draft (reserve buoyancy)

• Keel(K) : locate the bottom of the ship
• Camber : transverse curvature given to deck
 Flare Tumblehome

• Flare : outward curvature of ship’s hull surface above the waterline

• Tumble Home : opposite of flare
 Ship Hull Form and Geometry
•Since the ship is a 3-dimensional shape, data in x, y
and z directions is necessary to represent the ship
hull.
Table of Offsets

• Lines
- body plan (front View)
- shear plan (side view)
- half breadth plan (top view)
Figure 2.2 - The Projection of Lines onto 3 Orthogonal Planes
Half-Breadth Plan
- Intersection of planes (waterlines) parallel to the baseline (keel).

Figure 2.3 - The Half-Breadth Plan

Sheer Plan
-Intersection of planes (buttock lines) parallel to the centerline plane

Figure 2.4 - The Sheer Plan

Body Plan
- Intersection of planes to define section line
- Sectional lines show the true shape of the hull form
- Forward sections from amidships : R.H.S.
- aft sections from amid ship : L.H.S.

Figure 2.6 - The Body Plan

Volume of Displacement: The volume of displacement, V, is the total volume
of fluid displaced by the ship.
It is best conceived by imagining the fluid to be wax and the ship removed from
it. It is then the volume of the impression left by the hull.
For convenience' of calculation, it is the addition of the volumes of the main
body and appendages such as the slices at the keel, abaft the AP, rudder, bilge
keels, propellers, etc., with subtractions for condensor inlets and other holes.
Volume of Displacement: The volume of the underwater portion of a vessel/ship
is called the volume of displacement up to the waterline at which the vessel is
floating.

It is denoted by the symbol

Centre of Buoyancy: The centroid of the underwater volume of the ship upto a
given waterline is called centre of buoyancy.

The position of centre of buoyancy when measured from a longitudinal reference

gives the longitudinal centre of buoyancy (LCB). The longitudinal reference in
general being A.P(Frame 0 or Station 0) or the midship (Station 5).

Similarly the position of centre of buoyancy when measured from a horizontal

reference gives the vertical centre of buoyancy (VCB). The horizontal reference in
general being Keel of the ship(baseline B.L)

The position of centre of buoyancy when measured from a transverse reference

gives the transverse centre of buoyancy (TCB). The transverse reference in general
being the central line plane.
 Center of Buoyancy

Center of Buoyancy
- Centroid of displaced water volume
- Buoyant force act through this centroid.

• LCB: Longitudinal center of buoyancy from amidships

• KB : Vertical center of buoyancy from the Keel
• TCB : Transverse center of buoyancy from the centerline

TCB
LCB Center
line

KB
Base line
 Center of Buoyancy : B

Example
B

2 centerline

1
WL

2 2 1 1

- Buoyancy force (Weight of Barge) 1

- LCB : at midship WL
- TCB : on centerline
1
- KB : T/2 B
- Reserve Buoyancy Force T/2
CL
COEFFICIENTS OF FORM –
In comparing ship hull form, displacements and dimensions a number of
coefficients are used in Naval Architecture. These coefficients are useful in
powering estimates and in expressing the fullness of a ship’s overall form.
1. The coefficient of fineness of waterplane, Cwp, is the ratio of the area
of the waterplane to the area of its circumscribing rectangle.
It varies from about 0.70 for ships with unusually fine ends to about 0.90
for ships with much parallel middle body.
2. The midship section coefficient, CM, is the ratio of the midship section
area to the area of a rectangle whose sides are equal to the draught and
the breadth extreme amidships.
Its value usually exceeds 0.85 for ships other than yachts.
3. The block coefficient, CB is the ratio of the volume of displacement to
the volume of a rectangular block whose sides are equal to the breadth
extreme, the mean draught and the length between perpendiculars.

Mean values of block coefficient might be 0.88

for a large oil tanker, 0.60 for an aircraft carrier
and 0.50 for a yacht form.
4. Longitudinal prismatic coefficient, Cp, is the ratio of the volume of
displacement to the volume of a prism having a length equal to LBP and a
cross-sectional area equal to the midship sectional area.
Expected values generally exceed 0,55.
5. Vertical prismatic coefficient, Cvp is the ratio of the volume of displacement to
the volume of a prism having a length equal to the draught and a cross-
sectional area equal to the waterplane area.
Displacement: It is denoted by the symbol Δ.

Displacement from principles of floatation: The total weight of the water

displaced by the ship to a given waterline is the Displacement of the ship upto that
waterline.

Δ= ρ.

Effect of density of medium on displacement:

The standard density of sea water is 1.025 t/m3. The displacement is generally
calculated with this density.

If the ship is operating in waters of other density the ship will immerse or emerge
depending on whether the density of water is less or more respectively i.e if the ship
is floating in fresh water (density =1.000 t/m3) then the ship will immerse deeper for
the same displacement or weight.

Specific gravity = Ratio of density of fluid to the density of the freshwater.

Displacement from the Weight Equation: The displacement of the ship is equal
to the sum of Lightship weight (LWT) and Deadweight (DWT).

Lightship weight (LWT) = Hull steel group weight +

superstructure steel or aluminium groupweight +
Machinery group weight (equipment + piping) +
Outfit group weight (deck outfitting + Accommodation outfitting) +
Electrical group weight.

Deadweight (DWT) = Cargo weight +

Passengers weight (if any) +
Crew and effects (baggage) weight +
Provisions weight +
Fuel oil weight +
Fresh water weight +
Lube oil weight .
Trim: The longitudinal inclination of the waterline is called the trim i.e the difference
in drafts forwrd and aft. The corresponding angle of inclination is called the trim
angle.

Heel: The transverse inclination of the ship is called heel.

Water Plane Area: The area of the water plane at which the ship is floating is called
the Water Plane Area.

Tonnes Per Centimetre Immersion (TPC): The weight required to be added to a

ship to increase the draft by 1 cm is called TPC.

TPC = (Aw . ρ) / 100.

Longitudinal Centre of Floatation (LCF): Centroid of the waterplane area is

called the longitudinal centre of floatation .

It is that point in the ship's waterplane at which when a weight is added the ship
would produce a parallel sinkage or it is that point (hinge) in the waterplane about
which the waterplane would trim (rotate).
 Center of Floatation

Center of
Floatation
- Centroid of water plane (LCF varies depending on draft.)
- Pivot point for list and trim of floating ship

• LCF: centroid of water plane from the amidships

• TCF : centroid of water plane from the centerline

LCF
centerline

TCF

In this case of ship,

Amidships
- LCF is at aft of amidship.
- TCF is on the centerline.
Wetted surface area: For a vessel floating in water at a given waterline, the total area
of its outer surface in contact with surrounding water is known as its wetted surface
area.

It can be calculated by integrating the half-girths at each station.