Introduction to well Logging

Introduction

In petroleum exploration and development, formation

evaluation is used to determine the ability of a borehole to
produce petroleum.

Essentially, it is the process of "recognizing a commercial

well when you drill one".

Modern rotary drilling usually uses mud as a lubricant

and as a means of producing a confining pressure
against the formation face in the borehole, preventing
blowouts.
 Introduction to well Logging

Formation evaluation is a matter of answering two questions:

1. What are the lower limits for porosity, permeability and

upper limits for water saturation that permit profitable
production from a particular formation or pay zone; in a
particular geographic area; in a particular economic
climate?

2. Do any of the formations in the well under consideration

exceed these lower limits?

It is complicated by the impossibility of directly examining

the formation. It is, in short, the problem of looking at the
formation indirectly.
 Introduction to well Logging

Formation Evaluation includes:

1. Cuttings analysis / Mud Logging

2. Coring

3. Logging while drilling

4. Open Hole logging

5. Cased Hole logging

 Introduction to well Logging
Cuttings analysis

During drilling, chips of rock, usually less than about

1/8 inch (6 mm) across, are cut from the bottom of the
hole by the bit.

Mud, jetting out of holes in the bit under high pressure,

washes the cuttings away and up the hole.

During their trip to the surface they may circulate

around the turning drillpipe, mix with cuttings falling
back down the hole, mix with fragments caving from
the hole walls and mix with cuttings travelling faster
and slower in the same upward direction.

They then are screened out of the mudstream by

the shale shaker and fall on a pile at its base.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cuttings analysis

Shale Shaker
 Introduction to well Logging
Cuttings analysis

Determining the type of rock being drilled at any one time

is a matter of knowing the 'lag time' between a chip being
cut by the bit and the time it reaches the surface where it
is then examined by a wellsite geologist.

A sample of the cuttings taken at the proper time will

contain the current cuttings in a mixture of previously
drilled material.

Recognizing them can be very difficult at times, for

example after a "bit trip" when a couple of miles of drill
pipe has been extracted and returned to the hole in order
to replace a dull bit.

At such a time there is a flood of foreign material knocked

from the borehole walls (cavings), making the mudloggers
task all the more difficult.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cuttings analysis

A wellsite geologist or mudlogger uses a low powered

stereoscopic microscope to determine the lithology of
the formation being drilled and to estimate porosity
and possible oil staining.

A portable ultraviolet light chamber or "Spook Box" is

used to examine the cuttings for fluorescence.

Fluorescence can be an indication of crude oil

staining, or of the presence of fluorescent minerals.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cuttings analysis

They can be differentiated by placing the cuttings in a

solvent filled watch glass or dimple dish.

The solvent is usually carbon tetrachlorethane.

Crude oil dissolves and then redeposits as a

fluorescent ring when the solvent evaporates.

A written strip chart recording of these examinations

is called a sample log or mudlog.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cuttings analysis
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

Mud loggers connect various sensors to the drilling

apparatus and install specialized equipment to monitor or
"log" drill activity.

This can be physically and mentally challenging,

especially when having to be done during drilling activity.

Much of the equipment will require precise calibration or

alignment by the mud logger to provide accurate readings.
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

Mud logging technicians observe and interpret the

indicators in the mud returns during the drilling process,
and at regular intervals log properties such as

• drilling rate,

• mud weight,

• flowline temperature,

• oil indicators,
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

Mud logging technicians observe and interpret the

indicators in the mud returns during the drilling process,
and at regular intervals log properties such as

• pump pressure,

• pump rate,

• lithology (rock type) of the drilled cuttings, and other

data.

• monitor gas levels (and types) and notify other

personnel on the rig when gas levels may be reaching
dangerous levels
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

Mud logging includes:

• Observation and microscopic examination of drill

cuttings (formation rock chips)

• Evaluation of gas hydrocarbon and its constituents

• Basic chemical and mechanical parameters of drilling

fluid or drilling mud (such as chlorides and
temperature)

• Compiling other information about the drilling

parameters.

The data is plotted on a graphic log called a mud log.

 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging
Figure 1
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

The rate of penetration is represented by the black line on the

left side of the log.

The farther to the left that the line goes, the faster the rate of
penetration.

On this mud log, ROP is measured in feet per hour but on some
older, hand drawn mud logs, it is measured in minutes per foot.
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

The lithology in is represented by the cyan, gray/black

and yellow blocks of color.

Cyan = lime,
Gray/black = shale and
Yellow = sand.

More yellow represents more sand identified at that

depth.

The lithology is measured as percentage of the total

sample, as visually inspected under a microscope,
normally at 10x magnification

These are but a fraction of the different types

of formations that might be encountered.
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

The gas in is represented by the green line and is

measured in units as the quantity of total gas, but does not
represent the actual quantity of oil or gas the reservoir
contains.

The squared-off dash-dot lines(in Figure 1) just to the right

of the sand (in yellow) and left of the gas (in green)
represents the heavier hydrocarbons detected.

Cyan = C2 (ethane),
Purple = C3 (propane) and
Blue = C4 (butane).

Detecting and analyzing these heavy gases help to

determine the type of oil or gas the formation contains.
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

In the Figure you can see a sample of cuttings under a microscope

at 10x magnification after they have been washed off. This sample
would be considered to be about 90% shale, 5% sand and 5% lime.
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

Oil shows are described by their physical properties of visual

stain, fluorescence, cut, and odor.

Visual stain

Staining of the drill cuttings by oil is an indication that

hydrocarbons have been in the formation at some point in time.

The lack of sample staining, however, does not prove that a

reservoir lacks producible hydrocarbons.

The amount and distribution of staining is a function of the

reservoir porosity and permeability.

Stain color can be related to oil gravity, with darker staining

indicating heavier hydrocarbons.
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

Fluorescence

Fluorescence refers to the color of the drill cuttings

under UV light of various wavelengths.

A lack of fluorescence, however, does not prove the

absence of hydrocarbons in the zone of interest.

Care must be taken to distinguish hydrocarbon

fluorescence from natural minerals or artificial
materials

Fluorescence is described in terms of its color,

intensity, distribution, and percentage of sample
fluorescing.
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

Cut fluorescence

A cut is the oil liberated from drill cuttings when a solvent is

added.

A common solvent used for inducing cuts is chlorothene;

others include acetone, petroleum ether, alcohol, hot water,
and acid.

Note that because of its toxicity, carbon tetrachloride should

not be used.

Most solvents are flammable, and great care must be taken

to handle these materials safely.
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging

A cut is performed while viewing the rock samples under

both normal and UV light.

Solvent cuts allow deductions to be made regarding oil

mobility and reservoir permeability.

A cut is described in terms of its natural color, fluorescence

color, “liberation” rate and intensity, and residue.

All suspected hydrocarbon-bearing intervals should be

tested for cut fluorescence.

This is because there may be a positive cut fluorescence test

when other hydrocarbon detection methods fail.
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Mud Logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring

Coring provides the only means of obtaining high

quality samples for the direct measurement of rock and
reservoir properties.

Cores provide both geological and engineering

information, and their analysis ultimately leads to a
profitable field development.

Conventional coring systems consist of an inner core

barrel with a core catcher, suspended by a swivel
assembly inside of an outer core barrel that is
attached to the drill string, and a core bit
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring

Core diameter can vary from 1.75 to 5.25 in.

Core length can range from 1.5 ft for short radius horizontal
wells to greater than 400 ft for vertical holes.

The core catcher, the device that holds the core in the barrel,
is tailored to the type of inner barrel and lithology expected.
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring

Core Bits
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring

Full-closure coring systems

Full-closure coring systems were developed for coring

unconsolidated formations.

They use disposable inner barrels or inner barrel liners and a

special core-catching system to retrieve soft cores
successfully.

Currently, full-closure coring systems cut 30 ft of 3- to 5-in.-

diameter core. Systems are being developed to cut larger
diameter and longer cores.

The difference between full-closure and other coring systems

is that the core catcher is not exposed during coring.

This allows the inner core barrel to slip over the soft core with
a minimum of disturbance.
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring

After coring, a ball is pumped downhole activating the core

catcher and sealing off the bottom of the barrel

The hidden core catcher is both the major asset and major
liability of this coring system.

Since the core catcher is not exposed during coring,

coming off bottom is likely to result in lost core.

If the catcher is not activated after coring, the core will be

lost during tripping.

Against these risks, the benefits are a longer length and

larger diameter core than is possible with a rubber sleeve
core barrel and a less disturbed core than one cut with a
conventional coring system.
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring

Rubber sleeve core barrel

Using a rubber sleeve core barrel is a reliable way to recover

core from unconsolidated, conglomeritic, and/or hard fractured
formations.

The rubber sleeve barrel is unique in that the top of the inner
barrel does not move relative to the core during coring.

The outer barrel is drilled down around a column of rock that is

progressively encased in the rubber sleeve.

The system works best from fixed drilling platforms, but it can
be operated from floating rigs if rig movement is minimal.

The rubber sleeve barrel cuts a 20-ft length of 3-in.-diameter

core.
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring
Sidewall Coring

Most sidewall cores are obtained by percussion

sidewall coring systems.

These tools shoot hollow, retrievable, cylindrical

bullets 1 in. wide by 1.75 in. long into the borehole
wall.

The tool (gun) can be combined in multiples of

approximately 30 bullets with 120 shots a general
maximum.

The gun is lowered to the desired depth, then

individual bullets are electrically fired from the
surface.

The bullets remain connected to the gun by wires,

and movement of the gun pulls the bullets from the
borehole wall.
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring

The advantages of this coring system are speed, low cost,

and the precise ability to sample zones of interest after open
hole logs have been run.

The disadvantage is that the bullet usually alters the

formation by shattering harder rock or compressing softer
sediments, thereby reducing the quantitative value of the
sidewall core analysis data.

Also, percussion sidewall core recovery tends to be low in

very hard or fractured rock.
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring

Rotary sidewall coring

The rotary, or drilled sidewall coring

tool, was developed to recover sidewall
core samples without the shattering
impact of the percussion system.

Suitable for hard to friable rock, the

rotary sidewall corer uses a diamond-
tipped drill to cut individual plugs from
the sidewall. The samples are broken
off and pulled from the sidewall by the
core drill.

The drill is then retracted into the body

of the tool where the samples are
deposited. Rotary sidewall coring tool. Copyright:
Halliburton Logging Services, Inc.
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring

The tool is moved to a new sample location after

depositing each sample.

A “gun” of 30 samples, each 0.9375 in. wide by 1.75 in.

long, can be taken during one trip.

The advantage of the rotary sidewall coring system is

that it produces samples suitable for quantitative core
analysis.

The disadvantages are high cost per sample and longer

time per recovered core.

Rotary sidewall core recovery is low in unconsolidated

formations.
 Introduction to well Logging
Coring

Data obtained from core analysis include:

Porosity

Permeability

Fluid saturation

Grain density.

All of these measurements help geologists, engineers and drillers

better understand the conditions of the well and its potential
productivity.
 Introduction to well Logging

SpecialCoring
core analysis involves measuring the reservoir
characteristics to determine:

permeability,

wettability and

capillary pressure,

and electrical characteristics to understand

resistivity,

formation factor and

cation-exchange capacity.

Petrographic studies and sieve analysis are also types of special

core analysis that can be undertaken.
 Introduction to well Logging
Logging while drilling

MWD is an alternative to wireline logging in many

circumstances, especially offshore where rig costs are
extremely high.

Several measurements including

• Gamma ray

• Temperature

• Resistivity

• Dielectric

• and Neutron are available.

 Introduction to well Logging
Logging while drilling

If no potentially productive intervals are realized by the

MWD devices, wireline measurements might not be
recorded over that interval.

When potential zones are spotted, however, wireline

logging can still be performed prior to running pipe.

Other MWD measurements that relate to reservoir

characteristics are:

• Rate of penetration (ROP) and

• Weight on bit (WOB).

MWD navigational measurements are critical in directing

deviated boreholes.
 Introduction to well Logging
Measurement while drilling

Originally designed in the 1980s to overcome well logging

challenges of wells being drilled at extreme angles, MWD
is a type of Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) where tools are
encompassed in a single module in the steering tool of
the drillstring, at the end of the drilling apparatus (or the
bottom hole assembly).

With such precise wells being drilled, MWD aids drilling

engineers with real-time information so that they can make
important decisions while drilling.

Geosteering is a relatively new concept of positioning

wells according to the geological features in the reservoir
obtained through MWD.

Now, video is even available to help in the process.

 Introduction to well Logging
Measurement while drilling

Providing wellbore position, drillbit information and

directional data, as well as real-time drilling information,
MWD uses gyroscopes, magnetometers and
accelerometers to determine:

• borehole inclination

• and azimuth during the actual drilling.

The data is then transmitted to the surface through pulses

through the mud column (mud pulse) and electromagnetic
telemetry.

Decoded at the surface, the data can also be transmitted

to an offsite location immediately.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

The oil and gas industry uses wireline logging to obtain a

continuous record of a formation's rock properties.

Wireline logging can be defined as being "The acquisition

and analysis of geophysical data performed as a function of
well bore depth, together with the provision of related
services."

Note that "wireline logging" and "mud logging" are not the
same, yet are closely linked through the integration of the
data sets.

The measurements are made referenced to “DD" – Drilled

depth
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

These and the associated analysis can then be used to infer

further properties, such as

• hydrocarbon saturation and

• formation pressure,
• and to make further drilling and production decisions.

Wireline logging is performed by lowering a 'logging tool' -

or a string of one or more instruments - on the end of a
wireline into an oil well (or borehole) and recording
petrophysical properties using a variety of sensors
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Logging tools developed over the years measure:

• Natural gamma ray

• Electrical,

• Acoustic

• Stimulated radioactive responses

• Electromagnetic,

• Nuclear magnetic resonance

• Pressure and other properties of the rocks and their

contained fluids.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

"Open hole logs" are run before the oil or gas well is lined with
pipe or cased.

"Cased hole logs" are run after the well is lined with casing or
production pipe.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging
Lithology logs

Gamma ray

A log of the natural radioactivity of the formation along the borehole,

measured in API units, particularly useful for distinguishing between
sands and shales in a siliclastic environment.

This is because sandstones are usually nonradioactive quartz,

whereas shales are naturally radioactive due to potassium isotopes in
clays, and adsorbed uranium and thorium.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Lithology logs

Self/spontaneous potential

The Spontaneous Potential (SP) log measures the natural

or spontaneous potential difference between the borehole and
the surface, without any applied current.

It was one of the first wireline logs to be developed, found when

a single potential electrode was lowered into a well and a
potential was measured relative to a fixed reference electrode at
the surface.

The most useful component of this potential difference is

the electrochemical potential because it can cause a significant
deflection in the SP response opposite permeable beds.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Self/spontaneous potential

The magnitude of this deflection depends mainly on

the salinity contrast between the drilling mud and the formation
water, and the clay content of the permeable bed.

The SP log is commonly used to detect permeable beds and to

estimate clay content and formation water salinity.

The SP log can be used to distinguish between impermeable

shale and permeable shale and porous sands.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Electrical logs

Resistivity log

Resistivity logging measures the subsurface electrical resistivity,

which is the ability to impede the flow of electric current.

This helps to differentiate between formations filled with salty

waters (good conductors of electricity) and those filled with
hydrocarbons (poor conductors of electricity).

Resistivity and porosity measurements are used to calculate

water saturation.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Resistivity log

Resistivity is expressed in ohms or ohms/meter, and is

frequently charted on a logarithm scale versus depth
because of the large range of resistivity.

The distance from the borehole penetrated by the current

varies with the tool, from a few centimeters to one meter.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Porosity logs

Porosity logs measure the fraction or percentage of pore

volume in a volume of rock.

Most porosity logs use either acoustic or nuclear technology.

Acoustic logs measure characteristics of sound waves

propagated through the well-bore environment.

Nuclear logs utilize nuclear reactions that take place in the

downhole logging instrument or in the formation.

Nuclear logs include density logs and neutron logs, as well

as gamma ray logs which are used for correlation.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Porosity logs

The basic principle behind the use of nuclear technology is that a

neutron source placed near the formation whose porosity is being
measured will result in neutrons being scattered by the hydrogen
atoms, largely those present in the formation fluid.

Since there is little difference in the neutrons scattered by

hydrocarbons or water, the porosity measured gives a figure
close to the true physical porosity whereas the figure obtained
from electrical resistivity measurements is that due to the
conductive formation fluid.

The difference between neutron porosity and electrical porosity

measurements therefore indicates the presence of hydrocarbons
in the formation fluid.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Density

The density log measures the bulk density of a formation by

bombarding it with a radioactive source and measuring the
resulting gamma ray count after the effects of Compton Scattering
and and Photoelectric absorption.

This bulk density can then be used to determine porosity.

 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Neutron porosity

The neutron porosity log works by bombarding a formation

with high energy epithermal neutrons that lose energy
through elastic scattering to near thermal levels before being
absorbed by the nuclei of the formation atoms.

Depending on the particular type of neutron logging tool,

either the gamma ray of capture, scattered thermal neutrons or
scattered, higher energy epithermal neutrons are detected.

The neutron porosity log is predominantly sensitive to the

quantity of hydrogen atoms in a particular formation, which
generally corresponds to rock porosity.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Sonic

A sonic log provides a formation interval transit time,

which typically a function of lithology and rock texture
but particularly porosity.

The logging tool consists of a piezoelectric transmitter

and receiver and the time taken to for the sound wave
to travel the fixed distance between the two is
recorded as an interval transit time.
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Open hole logging

Caliper

A tool that measures the diameter of the borehole, using

either 2 or 4 arms.

It can be used to detect regions where the borehole walls

are compromised and the well logs may be less reliable.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Basic formation evaluation measurements are made through

casing for three general reasons:

•To supplement measurements taken in open hole.

It may be necessary to supplement open hole measurements

because the well conditions may preclude the possibility of
reliably or safely making the necessary open measurements
or because insufficient or inappropriate open hole
measurements were taken over particular zones.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

• To monitor the changes in formation properties that have

occurred since the casing was set.

During the life of a well, changes in saturation of the pore

space by oil, gas, and/or water may be induced by
sustained production.

When these changes occur, evaluation of the nature of the

changes may be necessary to design more effective
hydrocarbon recovery strategies.

• To provide a depth reference between open hole and

cased hole measurements and services
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

The basic cased hole tools can be divided into three

general groups: correlation, saturation, and porosity.

The correlation device is used to correlate cased hole

measurements with open hole measurements and to
estimate shale volume.

The saturation device is used to determine water saturation

when porosity and water salinity are known.

The porosity devices are used to estimate porosity when

lithology is known.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Application and types of basic cased hole tools

Application Type of Device
Gamma ray
Correlation
Spectral gamma ray
Saturation Pulsed neutron
Compensated neutron
Porosity
Pulsed neutron
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Gamma Ray log

The gamma ray measurement responds to naturally

occurring gamma rays from the formation.

These gamma rays are able to penetrate steel casing. This

permits the gamma ray to be used in a cased hole for
correlation with open hole logs, for the discrimination of
sands and shales, and for the calculation of shale volume.

The gamma ray is usually run in combination with a collar

locator to provide a depth reference for mechanical cased
hole services.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Compensated neutron tool

The compensated neutron measurement is little affected by

the presence of steel casing.

This permits the compensated neutron to be used in cased

hole to estimate porosity when lithology is known.

However, the presence of gas in the formation will cause the

compensated neutron to underestimate porosity
significantly.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Pulsed neutron tool

Pulsed neutron devices are electronic devices that generate

pulses of high energy neutrons.

These high energy neutrons bombard the formation, losing

energy as they collide with atoms of the rock.

Eventually, the neutrons lose so much energy that they are

captured (generally by chlorine that exists as part of the salt
dissolved in the formation waters).

When a neutron is captured, a gamma ray is emitted.

 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

The detectors in the pulsed neutron tool are designed to

measure these “capture” gamma rays, thus, a “capture cross
section” of the formation through casing can be determined.

This formation property allows one to estimate the water

saturation when porosity and formation water salinity are
known.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Example of Thermal
Decay Tome log
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

The gamma rays detected by the pulsed neutron devices can

also be processed in a manner similar to the compensated
neutron and provide a very similar estimation of porosity.

This estimation of porosity can be reasonably good when the

formation water is relatively salty and the formation does not
contain significant amounts of gas.

This combined measurement of capture cross section and

porosity from this single device allows the pulsed neutron to
be used frequently as a single pass cased hole formation
evaluation device.

As with the compensated neutron, the presence of gas in the

formation will cause the pulsed neutron to underestimate
porosity significantly.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Cement Bond Log

Modern acoustic cement-evaluation (bond) devices are

comprised of monopole (axisymmetric) transmitters (one or
more) and receivers (two or more).

They operate on the principle that acoustic amplitude is rapidly

attenuated in good cement bond but not in partial bond or free
pipe.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

When the acoustic wave generated by the transmitter reaches

the casing,

•Part is refracted down the casing (amplitude and travel-time

measurement)

•Part travels through the mud (fluid arrival)

•Other parts are refracted into the annulus and the formation
and received back (formation arrival)
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Amplitude, measured directly or as an attenuation ratio, is

the primary bond measurement and is used to provide:

• Quantitative estimations of cement compressive strength

• Bond index

• Qualitative interpretation of the cement-to-formation

interface
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

A typical cement-log presentation includes:

• A correlation curve (gamma ray), travel time (μsec)

• Amplitude (mV)

• Attenuation (dB/ft) curves

• A full-waveform display (μsec)

 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Variable density is a continuous-depth time display of full-

waveform amplitude presented as shades of black and white.

Positive waveform amplitudes are shown as dark bands and

negative amplitudes as gray or white bands; contrast is
proportional to amplitude.

On a variable-density log, free pipe and fluid arrivals (if

present) are easily identified as straight dark and light lines
(indicating homogenous acoustic properties) at either side of
the display
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

The zigzag, wavy, or chevron pattern between these two

arrivals is the formation signal (indicating varying acoustic
transit time).

In cases of poor bonding, casing-collar signals may also be

identified as "w" patterns (anomalies).
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Radial-cement evaluation

These tools use one or more azimuthally sensitive

transducers to evaluate cement quality around the
circumference of the casing.

Data from these tools are presented as individual log curves

or as azimuthal images ("maps") of cement quality generated
by interpolating between the individual azimuthal
measurements

In addition, each tool design also provides a conventional 5-

ft VDL waveform measurement to provide information about
the cement-to-formation bond.
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging
 Introduction to well Logging
Cased hole logging

Other cased hole logs

• Noise Logs

• Temperature Logs

• Spinner Survey