H.

SAMPLING
DALAG, ANGELI M.
ABDELRAZIG, AMRO
MBA 700 – SECTION 2
DR. RAMON VICTOR
 THE NATURE OF SAMPLING

Sampling
- selecting some of the elements in a population

Population Element
- individual participant or object on which the measurement is taken

Population
- total collection of elements about which we wish to make some inferences

Census
- count of all the elements in a population

Sample Frame
-listing of all population elements from which the sample will be drawn.
Why Sample?

 Lower cost
 Greater accuracy of results
 Greater speed of data collection
 Availability of population elements
Sample versus Census

 Census Study
* Feasible – when population is small
* Necessary – when elements are quite different from each
other
What is a Good Sample?

 Accuracy
- the degree to which bias is absent from the sample
 Precision
- one that has a sampling error that is within acceptable limits
for the study’s purpose
Types of Sampling Process

 Representation
Probability Sampling – based on random selection
Nonprobability Sampling – in contrast with probability sampling, selection is
random
 Element Selection
Unrestricted Sampling – when each sample element is drawn individually
from the population at large
Restricted Sampling – covers those forms of sampling in which the selection
process follows more complex rules
Steps in Sampling Design

 Target Population
 Parameters of Interest
 Sampling Frame
 Appropriate Sampling Method
 Sample Size Needed
Probability Sampling

 Simple Random Sampling

- Purest form of probability sampling.
- Wherein each population element has a known and equal chance of
selection

𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒
Probability of Selection =
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒
Probability Sampling

 Complex Probability Sampling

- Often impractical
- Requires a population list that is often not available
- It fails to use all the information about a population
- It may be expensive to implement in both time and money
Probability Sampling:
Complex Probability Sampling

 Systematic Sampling
 Stratified Sampling
 Cluster Sampling
 Double Sampling
Probability Sampling:
Complex Probability Sampling

 Systematic Sampling
- Versatile form of probability sampling
- Every kth element in the population is sampled, beginning with
a random start of an element in the range of l to k.

𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒
k = Skip Interval =
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒
Probability Sampling:
Complex Probability Sampling

 Stratified Sampling
- Process by which the sample is constrained to include elements from each
of the segment

• Proportionate Stratified Sampling – each stratum is properly represented so

that the sample size drawn from the stratum is proportionate to the
stratum’s share of the total population.

• Disproportionate Stratified Sampling – any stratification that departs from

the proportionate relationship
 Probability Sampling:
Complex Probability Sampling

 Cluster Sampling
- Population is divided into groups of elements with some groups randomly selected for study.

• Area Sampling – most important form of cluster sampling.

- involves population that can be identified with some geographic area.
• Design
• How homogeneous are the resulting clusters?
• Shall we seek equal-size or unequal-size clusters?
• How large a cluster shall we take?
• Shall we use a single-stage or multistage cluster?
• How large a sample is needed?
Probability Sampling:
Complex Probability Sampling

 Double Sampling
- Also known as sequential sampling and multiphase sampling.
- Based on the information found by sample and then use this information as
the basis for selecting a subsample for further study.
Comparison of Probability Sampling Designs
Nonprobability Sampling

 Practical Considerations
 Satisfactorily meet the sampling objective.
 Cost and time
 May be the only feasible alternative
Nonprobability Sampling

 Methods

Convenience Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling

 Convenience Sampling
- nonprobability samples that are unrestricted
- least reliable design but normally the cheapest and easiest to conduct
Nonprobability Sampling

 Purposive Sampling
- nonprobability sample that conforms to certain criteria

* Judgment Sampling – occurs when a researcher selects sample members

to conform to some criterion.
* Quota Sampling – used to improve representativeness.
- certain relevant characteristics describe the dimensions
of the population
Nonprobability Sampling

 Snowball Sampling
- this design has found a niche in recent years in applications where
respondents are difficult to identify and are best located through referral
networks.
- especially appropriate for some qualitative studies.
- uses a referral approach to reach particularly hard-to-find respondents.
Types of Sampling Process

Probability Nonprobability

Unrestricted Simple Random Convenience

Restricted Complex Random Purposive

* Systematic * Judgment

* Cluster * Quota

* Stratified Snowball

* Double
Thank you for listening !