Working On Maze

TOMAN’S PURPOSIVE BEHAVIORISM

Purposive behaviorism has also been
referred to as Sign Learning Theory and is
often seen as link between behaviorism and
cognitive theory.
Tolman believed that learning is a
cognitive process. Learning involves
forming beliefs and obtaining knowledge
about the environment and then revealing
the knowledge through purposeful and
goal-directed behaviour.
Tolman’s Key Concept
 Learningis always purposive and
goal-directed.
 Cognitive maps in rats.
 Latent Learning
 The concept of intervening variables
 Reinforcement not essential for learning.
Social
Learning
Theory
Albert
bandura
Social Learning Theory
Also called observational
learning
Theory that emphasizes
learning through observation of
others
Social Learning Theory
We only learn not only how to
perform a behavior but also
what will happen to us in a
specific situation if we do
perform it.
General Principles
 People learn by observing the
behavior of others.
 Learning can occur without a
change in behavior.
 Cognition plays a role in learning.
 Social learning theory can be
considered a bridge between
behaviorists and cognitive
learning theories.
How the environment reinforces
and punishes modeling.
 The observer is reinforced by the
model.
 The observer is reinfonrced by a third
person
 The imitated behavior itself leads to
reinforcing consequences
 Consequences of the model’s
behavior affect the observer’s
behavior vicariously.
The observer is reinforced by
the model.
The observer is reinforced by a
third person
The imitated behavior itself
leads to reinforcing
consequences
Consequences of the model’s
behavior affect the observer’s
behavior vicariously.
Cognitive factors in Social
Learning
1. Learning without performance.
2. Cognitive processing during
learning
3. Expectations
4. Reciprocal Causation
5. Modeling
Elements of observational
Learning
 Attention
 Retention
 Major production
 Motivation
Educational Implications of
Social Learning Theory
 Students often learn a great deal simply by
observing other people
 Describing the consequences of the behavior
effectively
 Modeling provides an alternative to shaping
for teaching new behaviors
 Teachers and parents must model
appropriate behaviors
 Teachers should expose students to a variety
of other models