EDGAR E.

GARCIA
DepED-Bataan
• two or more people who identify with one another
and have a distinct pattern of interaction.

• encompass people who share common

experiences, loyalties, and interests.
 Social Group
• characterized by
 direct or indirect communication among its members
 standardized patterns of interaction based on a system of
interrelated roles
 some degree of interdependence among member
 Couples  Businesses
 Families  Neighborhoods
 Circle of friends  Large organizations
 Churches
 Clubs
- refers to people who are in the same place at the
same time but interact little, if at all, and have no
sense of belonging together.
- temporarily clustered together on the same location.
Examples:
 People riding together on a subway
 people lined up to attend a movie show
 shoppers
- a collection of people who share a
common characteristics but do not
interact.
Examples:
Filipinos
Gays
dorm residents
left-handed people
high school students
- a collection of people interacting with each
other but the interactions are short-lived.
- they share some kind of belief, which prepare
them for action.
Examples:
 El Shaddai gatherings
 mass demonstrations
 cheering and chanting during basketball games by fans
rooting for their respective teams
1. A group is a major source of solidarity
and cohesion.
2. A group reinforces and strengthens our
integration into society.
3. A group shares basic survival and
problem-solving techniques to satisfy
personal and emotional needs.
4. A group gives meaning and support to an
individual.
PRIMARY GROUP
- coined by Charles Horton Cooley in
his book Social Organization.
- a small social group whose
members share personal and
lasting relationships.
- among the first groups an individual
experiences in life.
PRIMARY GROUP
- typically a small group in which
relationships are both personal and
enduring.
- characterized by intimate, face-to-face
association, and cooperation.
- Family : the most important primary
group in any society
- Friends: shape an individual’s attitudes,
behavior and social identity
SECONDARY GROUP
- a large and impersonal social group
whose members pursue a specific
goal or activity
- more casual, less frequent, more
special interest directed, and more
compartmentalized
- Membership is based on what
people can do for each other.
INFORMAL GROUP
- recognized as one which evolves without
explicit design and which is not
specifically organized to attain a given
end.
- does not have standardized and
rationalized group goals, and especially
not goals imposed from the outside.

Examples: children’s play groups, gangs

FORMAL GROUP
- usually has a definite purpose, explicit
procedures and which is characterized by
divisions of labor which is highly
specialized.
- the structure and activities have been
rationally organized and standardized
with definitely prescribed group rules,
goals, and leaders.
GEMEINSCHAFT SOCIETY
- relationships were personal, or traditional or both.
- ends in themselves, intimacy, and sentiment are expected among
actors; norms are traditional.
GESELLSCHAFT SOCIETY
- the ‘contract’ becomes all important and the relationships between
members are determined by bargaining and defined in written
agreements
- relationships are specialized and formal rather than general and
informal in nature.
IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS
- employed by William Graham Sumner
In-group
- an esteemed social group commanding a member’s
loyalty
- comprises anyone who is regarded as ‘We’ or ‘Us’
Out-group
- a group or category to which people feel they do not belong
- viewed as ‘They’ or ‘Them’
REFERENCE GROUP
 any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating
themselves and their own behavior.
 people are especially likely to use social groups they wish to
join as reference groups in the process known as anticipatory
socialization. By conforming, they hope to more readily win
acceptance to the group.

Examples: people going on job interviews usually anticipate how those in the
organization dress and act, and they adjust their personal performances
accordingly.
UNI-BONDED AND MULTI-BONDED GROUP
Uni-bonded Group
 a group whose members are united by only one common
interest or purpose
 only a smart part of each member’s life and personality is
involved in the group, and relationship among the members
are characterized by specificity or a limited range of rights
and obligations.
UNI-BONDED AND MULTI-BONDED GROUP
Multi-bonded Group
 a group whose members are united by more than one tie
(interests, needs, and values)
 the more ties there are binding the group members
together, the more likely it is that their relationship to one
another will be diffuse, that is, involving a wide range of
rights and obligations.
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
 a group organized to further some special interest or
attain a specific objective, such as a professional or
occupational group.
 are usually unibonded groups, that is, they are united
by only one purpose of interest.
TERRITORIAL GROUP
 a group organized on the basis of residence
within a given geographic area.
 sometimes referred to as locality groups

Examples: a society, a city group, a neighborhood group

SELF-HELP GROUP
 a mutual aid group in
which people who face a
common concern or
condition come together
voluntarily for emotional
support and practical
assistance.
SMALL GROUP
 a group small enough for all members to
interact simultaneously, that is, to talk with one
another or at least be acquianted.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
 refers to a web of social ties that links people, often
with little common identity and social interaction
 unlike a social group, network members usually feel
little sense of membership in the network and have
only occasional contact.
 they provide socio-emotional support, self-esteem,
and even the courage to face the rigors of everyday.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
 nonhierarchical, value-free, and structure-
less organizations, composed of people
working on similar tasks without
necessarily knowing each other.

Example: Facebook
VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS
 are specialized, formally organized groups,
established in the basis of common interest; in
which membership is based on a deliberate
choice or even pay to participate, or may resign.
 Group Dynamics
- is the study of small groups, of the patterns of interaction
within a group, and of the inter-relationships between a
group and its environment, including other groups.

- Many sociologists prefer to use the phrase ‘small group

analysis’ on the assumption that all aspects of social life
are dynamic, and that the study of small groups is an
integral part of sociological analysis.
 Group Dynamics
- also refers to the study of psychological aspects of
behavior in small groups.

- Some thinkers define it as an applied discipline dealing

with such concerns as effective leadership,
communication, and decision processes in industry and
business.
The size of the group is significant on its dynamics:
A. Small Group – one that is small enough for everyone in it to interact
directly with all of the other members.

B. Sociologist Georg Simmel noted the significance of group size.

B.1 Dyad – a social group containing two members of interaction. It is the
smallest and most fragile of all human groupings.

Example: Marriages and love affairs; if one member loses interest, the dyad
collapses.
B.2 Triad – a group of three persons.
 basically are stronger than dyads, but still are extremely
unstable. It is not common for the bonds between two
members to seem stronger, with the third person feeling
hurt and excluded.

Example: A married couple with a first child

B.3 Coalition – a development as the size of triads become larger.
- a temporary or permanent alliance toward a
common goal.
Example:
Chris, Mark and Rogel are all hoping to become the president of Philosophy Society in
their school. The president of the society is selected by a majority vote of the 15
outgoing officers. A few days before the election, it appears that Chris is a strong
favorite. He estimated to have 7 supporters, while Mark 5 and Rogel only 3. Mark and
Rogel have the option of forming a coalition to stop Chris. For instance, Rogel could
drop out of the race and urge his supporters to vote for Mark. In return, Mark might
promise to appoint Rogel as his vice president or to some other prestigious positions.
Such a coalition might be particularly likely if those two candidates (Mark and Rogel)
have some personal and ideological bond or some common reasons for wanting to
stop Chris from becoming the president.
 LEADER
- someone who influences the behavior of others.
Two types of group leaders:
a. Instrumental (task-oriented) leaders
- those who try to keep the groups moving toward its goals, reminding the
members of what they are trying to accomplish.
b. Expressive (socio-emotional) leaders
- those who are less likely to be recognized as leaders but help with the group’s
morale. These leaders may have to minimize the function that instrumental
leaders necessarily create.
 LEADER
These leaders, whether intrumental or expressive, employ
certain leadership styles:
 Authoritarian Leaders
- those who give orders and frequently do not explain why
they praise or condemn a person’s work.
 LEADER
 Democratic Leaders
- those who try to gain a consensus by explaining proposed
actions, suggesting alternative approaches, and giving
‘facts’ as the basis for their evaluation of the member’s
work.
 Laissez-faire Leaders
- those who are very passive and give the group almost total
freedom to do as it wishes.
 FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS
- a highly organized group having explicit objectives,
formally stated rules and regulations, and a system
of specifically defined rules, each with clearly
designated rights and duties.
- include schools, hospitals, voluntary associations,
corporations, government agencies, etc.
 BUREAUCRACY
- a component of formal organization in which rules and
hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiency.
- a large scale, formal organization that is highly
differentiated and efficiently organized by means of
formal rules and departments or bureaus of highly
trained experts whose activities are coordinated by a
hierarchical chain of command.
 BUREAUCRACY
- is characterized by a centralization of authority, and
emphasis on discipline, rationality, technical
knowledge, and impersonal procedures.
- Max Weber introduced the concept of bureaucracy but
tended to emphasize its positive aspects.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY
1. Specialization – Bureaucracy assigns people highly
specialized tasks that correspond to organizational
offices.

2. Hierarchy of Offices – The offices in a bureaucratic

organization form a hierarchy, according to their
responsibilies. Each persons is thus supervised by ‘higher-
ups’ in the organization while, in turn, supervising others in
lower positions.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY
3. Rules and Regulations – Operations are guided by
rationally enacted rules and regulations. These rules
serve to control the organization’s own functioning and
as much as possible, its large environment.

4. Technical Competence - Bureaucracies typically

evaluate new staff members according to set criteria
and subsequently monitor their performance.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY
5. In-bureaucratic Organizations – rules take precedence
over personal feelings. Ideally, this ensures uniform
treatment for each client, supervisor, or subordinate.

6. Formal, Written Communications – Certainly, some

truth lies in the adage that the heart of bureaucracy is not
people but paperwork. While casual, verbal
communication characterizes most human exchanges,
bureaucracy demands formal, written letters, memos and
reports.