Atomos: Not to Be Cut

The History of Atomic Theory

 Atomic Models
 This model of the
atom may look
familiar to you. This is
the Bohr model. In
this model, the
nucleus is orbited by
electrons, which are
in different energy
levels.
 A model uses familiar ideas to
explain unfamiliar facts
observed in nature.
 A model can be changed as
new information is collected.
Atomic
Models
 The atomic
model has
changed
throughout the
centuries,
starting in 400
BC, when it
looked like a
billiard ball →
 Who are these men?
In this lesson, we’ll learn
about the men whose quests
for knowledge about the
fundamental nature of the
universe helped define our
views.
 Democritus 400 BC

 This is the Greek

philosopher Democritus
who began the search for
a description of matter
more than 2400 years
ago.
 He asked: Could
matter be divided into
smaller and smaller
pieces forever, or was
there a limit to the
number of times a
piece of matter could
be divided?
Atomos
 His theory: Matter could
not be divided into
smaller and smaller
pieces forever, eventually
the smallest possible
piece would be obtained.
 This piece would be
indivisible.
 He named the smallest
piece of matter “atomos,”
meaning “not to be cut.”
Atomos
 To Democritus, atoms
were small, hard
particles that were all
made of the same
material but were
different shapes and
sizes.
 Atoms were infinite in
number, always
moving and capable
of joining together.
 This theory was ignored and
forgotten for more than 2000
years!
 Why?
 The eminent
philosophers
of the time,
Aristotle and
Plato, had a
more
respected, Aristotle and Plato favored the earth, fire, air
and water approach to the nature of matter.
(and Their ideas held sway because of their
eminence as philosophers. The atomos idea
ultimately was buried for approximately 2000 years.

wrong)
theory.
 Dalton’s Model
 In the early 1800s,
the English
Chemist John
Dalton performed a
number of
experiments that
eventually led to
the acceptance of
the idea of atoms.
Dalton’s Billiard ball model
Dalton’s Theory
 He deduced that all
elements are composed of
atoms. Atoms are
indivisible and
indestructible particles.
 Atoms of the same element
are exactly alike.
 Atoms of different elements
are different.
 Compounds are formed by
the joining of atoms of two
or more elements.
 .

 Thistheory
became one
of the
foundations
of modern
chemistry.
Thomson’s Plum Pudding
Model
 In1897, the
English scientist
J.J. Thomson
provided the first
hint that an atom
is made of even
smaller particles.
 Thomson Model
 He proposed a
model of the atom
that is sometimes
called the “Plum
Pudding” model.
 Atoms were made
from a positively
charged substance
with negatively
charged electrons
scattered about,
like raisins in a
pudding.
 The Discovery of Electrons

 J. J. Thomson(1856-1940) - English
physicist.
 Used cathode ray tube.
 It is a vacuum tube - all the air has been
pumped out.
 Discovered the electron (1897) and the proton
(1923)
 Calculated the ratio between the charge of the
electron and its mass: e/m

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 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source
- +

Vacuum tube

Metal Disks
19
 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source
- +

Vacuum Tube before the experiment: the tube is

evacuated and power is about to be applied.

20
 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a beam

appear to move from the negative to the
positive end
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 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a beam

appear to move from the negative to the
positive end in straight line
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 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

 When external electric field (outside the

tube) is added:
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 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

anode +

cathode -

External electric field External

electrodes
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 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

 By adding an external electric field

25
 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

 By adding an external electric field he found that the

moving pieces were negative: they bend towards the
positive anode.
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 Thomson’s Model

 Thomson proposed
the following:
 the atom was like
plum pudding
 Ball of positively
charged matter
 electrons scattered
throughout and can
be easily removed
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 Discovery of the Nucleus

 So, at this point we know:

 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
 Electrons are negatively charged (Thomson)
 Atoms are neutral
 Where is the mass of the atom?

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 Discovery of the Nucleus:
Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford (1909): Gold Foil
Experiment
 Alpha particles (+2 charge) beamed at thin
gold foil
 Progress followed on a scintillating screen
 When alpha particles (+2) hit screen, the
screen lights up
 Most particles went through
 Some particles bounced to the sides and at 29

180º
 Florescent
Lead Uranium Screen
block

Gold Foil

THE SET-UP
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 Rutherford Expected

 The alpha particles to pass through

without changing direction

Because
 The positive charges were spread out
evenly. Alone they were not enough to
stop the alpha particles

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Because

32
Because, he thought the mass
was evenly distributed in the atom

33
Because, he thought
the mass was evenly
distributed in the atom

34
 Fluorescent
Lead Uranium Screen
block

Gold Foil
Rutherford’s results

36
Discovery of the Nucleus: Rutherford

 Discovered the:
 Proton: positively charged piece 1840 times
heavier than the electron
 Predicted the existence of
 Neutron: no charge but the same mass as a
proton.

 Where are the pieces?

37
Discovery of the Nucleus: Density of
the Atom

 Since most of the particles went

through, the atom is mostly empty.
 Since some of the alpha paricles
were strongly deflected, the positive
pieces were heavy.
 Small volume, big mass, big density
 This small dense positive area is the
nucleus
38
 Rutherford: Explanation
Atom is:
 mostly empty
 small dense,
positive piece at +
center: nucleus
 Alpha particles are
deflected by it if
they get close
enough 39
Rutherford: Explanation

40
 Rutherford’s Contributions

 Discovered the nucleus.

 Did not know where to place the electrons
 Proposed the NUCLEAR MODEL of the atom
also called the PLANETARY ATOM
 Proposed the existence of the neutron
 Determined the size of the nucleus (1x10-15 m)
and the atom (1 x 10-11 m for hydrogen atom,
larger for other atoms)
 Elucidated the structure of the alpha-particles
 Performed the first nuclear reaction 41
 Niels Bohr Model
 In1913, the
Danish scientist
Niels Bohr
proposed an
improvement. In
his model, he
placed each
electron in a
specific energy
level.
Bohr Model
 According to
Bohr’s atomic
model, electrons
move in definite
orbits around the
nucleus, much like
planets circle the
sun. These orbits,
or energy levels,
are located at
certain distances
from the nucleus.
Performance task no. 1: Atomic
models
 Direction: Complete the table below:
Atomic models Scientist Experimentation Description Diagram
done
Discovery of the Neutron: Chadwick

James Chadwick (1935)

 Discovers neutron in nucleus
 Neutron is neutral
 n0
 Mass is 1.67 x 10-24 g

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 Quantum Atom

Quantum Atom Theory

 The atom is mostly empty space
 Two regions:
► Nucleus- protons and neutrons
► Electron cloud- region where you have a 90%
chance of finding an electron
 History of the Atomic Theory:
Summary

1803 1897 1909 1913 1935 Today

solid electron Proton, e- orbit neutron Quantum
Particle nucleus nucleus: Atom
Random Planetary theory
placed model,
electrons quanta
Dalton Thomson Rutherford Bohr Chadwick Schrodinger
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and others
 Atomic Theory: Modern View

1. All matter is made up of small particles

called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element have the same
chemical properties while elements of
different elements have different properties
(isotopes)
3. Not all atoms of an element have the same
mass, but they all have a definite average
mass which is characteristic.
(isotopes)
48
 Atomic Theory: Modern View
4. Atoms of different elements combine to
form compounds and each element in
the compound loses its characteristic
properties.
5. Atoms cannot be subdivided by chemical
or physical changes.
(nuclear reactions)

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Structure of the Atom: Modern View
 There are two regions
 The nucleus
 Withprotons and neutrons
 Positive charge
 Almost all the mass
 Electron cloud- Most of the volume of an
atom
 The region where the electron can be
found 50
 Size of an Atom

 Atoms are small.

 Measured in picometers, 10-12 meters
 Hydrogen atom, 32 pm radius
 Nucleus tiny compared to atom
 IF the atom was the size of a stadium, the
nucleus would be the size of a marble.
 Radius of the nucleus near 10-15m.

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Subatomic Particles: Found in the
Nucleus
Relative Actual
Name Symbol Charge mass mass (g)
Electron e- -1 1/1840 9.11 x 10-28

Proton p+ +1 1 1.67 x 10-24

Neutron n0 0 1 1.67 x 10-24

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 Structure of the Atom: Basic
Definitions

► ATOMIC NUMBER :
► number of protons
► # of protons determines kind of atom
► the same as the number of electrons in the neutral
atom

► MASS NUMBER :
► the number of protons + neutrons

► NUCLEONS: fundamental particles found in the

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atom (electrons, neutrons, protons)
 Structure of the Atom: Isotopes

 Dalton was wrong.

 ISOTOPES: Atoms of the same element

can have different numbers of neutrons,
BUT THE SAME NUMBER OF
PROTONS.

 different mass numbers

 Same chemical properties, different
physical properties
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 Symbols of the Nuclei

Contain the symbol of the element, the mass number and

the atomic number
Notation
Nuclear Notation
 contains the symbol of the element, the mass
number, and the atomic number

X
Mass
number

Atomic
number
55
 Symbols of the Nuclei
Notation
Nuclear Notation in

23

11 Na
 How many protons?
 How many neutrons?
 How many electrons?
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 Symbols of the Nuclei

 Find the
 number of protons
 number of neutrons
19
 number of electrons
 Atomic number 9 F
 Mass Number

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 Symbols of the Nuclei

 Findthe
–number of protons
–number of neutrons
80
–number of electrons
35 Br
–Atomic number
–Mass Number

58
 Symbols of the Nuclei
Hyphenation Notation
 Symbol or name of element – mass number

Fluorine-19
Protons? Neutrons? Electrons?

C-12
Protons? Neutrons? Electrons?

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 Measuring Atomic Mass

 Unit is the Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

 One twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
 Each isotope has its own atomic mass we
need the average from percent
abundance.
 Average Atomic Mass
Average Atomic Mass

 Weighted average mass of all known

isotopes

 Weighted means that the frequency of an

isotope is considered

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 Average Atomic Mass

 Calculate the atomic mass of copper if

copper has two isotopes. 69.1% has a mass
of 62.93 amu and the rest has a mass of
64.93 amu.
 Average Atomic Mass

 Magnesium has three isotopes. 78.99%

magnesium 24 with a mass of 23.9850
amu, 10.00% magnesium 25 with a mass of
24.9858 amu, and the rest magnesium 25
with a mass of 25.9826 amu. What is the
atomic mass of magnesium?
 If not told otherwise, the mass of the
isotope is the mass number in amu
 Introduction to Periodic Table

Periodic Table:
 an arrangement of elements, in order of
increasing atomic number, in horizontal
rows of such lengths that elements with
similar chemical properties fall directly
beneath one another in vertical groups.

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 Period Table - Structure

 Structure:
 Group (family) vertical columns.
Numbered 1-18
 Period: horizontal rows; numbered from
1 to 7
Lanthanides
Actinides

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The Periodic Table of Elements
 18 columns (group or family) containing
elements with similar properties

 7 rows (periods) containing elements with

same number of electron shells

 I abbreviate it…PTOE

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67
 Elements in the Periodic Table
 Metals (about 80 elements): gray, silvery
(exception: copper and gold); conduct electricity
and heat, malleable, ductile, all solid at room
temperature (exception: mercury)

 Nonmetals (about 20 elements): poor

conductors of electricity and heat; have different
colors; can be gases, liquids, or solids at room
temperature; some found pure in nature (sulfur)

 Metalloids: have properties of both metals and

nonmetals 68
69
 PTOE: Metals
Types
 Alkali earth metals (group 1)
 Alkaline earth metals (group 2)
 Transition metals (group 3-12)
 Lanthanides (bottom period 6)
 Actinides (bottom period 7)
 Others (some in groups 13-16)
 You don’t need to memorize these group names
right now
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 PTOE: Metals
 Properties
 Luster
 Conductors of heat and electricity
 Solids (except Hg)
 Malleable
 Ductile
 Tensile strength

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 PTOE: Metalloids

 Properties (clip)
 Vary according to metalloid
 All are semi-conductors
 B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po

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73
 PTOE: Non Metals

 Properties (clip)
 Poor conductors
 Brittle
 Solids: C, P, S, Se, I, At
 Liquid: Br
 Gases: N, O, F, Cl

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I

Br
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 PTOE: Noble gases
 Properties
 All are gases
 Stable, do not react naturally
 Radon, heaviest

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