ANTHROPOLOGY

ANTHROPOLOGY
Is the scientific study of the origins of humans and
human behavior and societies in the past and present.
 Anthropology is Arts and Science
The term originates from two words in Greek:
 Anthropos meaning “man” as in “human being”
 logos meaning “study”
THERE ARE FOUR MAIN SUBDIVISIONS (AREAS) IN THE
STUDY OF ANTHROPOLOGY:

Physical Anthropology
 Archaeology
 Cultural Anthropology
 Linguistic Anthropology
 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Biological anthropology, also known as physical
anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned
with Theo biological and behavioral aspects of
human beings, their related non-human primates
and their extinct hominine ancestors.
 ARCHAEOLOGY
Study of the ancient and recent human past
through material remains. It is a subfield of
anthropology; the study of all human culture
 Archaeology offers a unique perspective on
human history and culture
 CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
A branch of anthropology focused on the study of
cultural variation among humans and is in contrast to
social anthropology which perceives cultural variation as
a subset of the anthropologist constant.
 Cultural anthropologists study such as topics as how
people make their living, hopw people interact with
each other, what beliefs people hold, and what
institution organize people in the society.
 LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
 It seeks to understand human language, written and non-
written, spoken and non-verbal. The study of how languages
change over time is termed historical linguistics.
 Explores how language shapes communications, forms
social identity and group membership, organizes large-scale
cultural beliefs and ideologies, and develops a common
cultural representation of natural and social worlds.
 ANTHROPOLOGIST
An anthropologist is a person engaged in the
practice of anthropology. Anthropology is the
study of aspects of humans within past and
present societies. Social anthropology, cultural
anthropology, and philosophical anthropology
study the norms and values of societies.
FAMOUS ANTHROPOLOGIST
AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION
 Franz Boas, honored as the founder of modern
anthropology and the father of American anthropology,
was born on July 9, 1858, in Germany. Boas was
remembered as the first person to apply scientific
knowledge in studying society and human culture. He
extensively studied the Kwakiutl Indians, which led him
to establish the relationship between culture and race.
According to Boas, a collection of data from every
FRANZ BOAS (1858 - aspect was the most important element for
1942) understanding the culture. His major publications include
The Mind of Primitive Man (1911), Anthropology and
Modern Life (1928), and Race, Language, and Culture
(1940).
 Born in Poland on April 7, 1884, he is known as
the father of social anthropology, and was
responsible for establishing the concept of
participant observation. He argued that only through
direct and daily contact with a culture, could you
come to understand it in all its varied facets. His
study of the Kula exchange system between the
Milne Bay province and Papua New Guinea,
eventually led to the development of the theory of
reciprocity. He also advocated functionalism, that
BRONISLAW refers to the fact that culture evolves in order to
MALINOWSKI (1884 - satisfy each individuals needs, rather than those of
1942) the society. His most noted publications include
Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922), A Scientific
Theory of Culture (1922), and Sex and Repression in
Savage Society (1927).
 Margaret Mead, a pioneer of cultural
anthropology, was born on December 16, 1901, in
Philadelphia. She contributed a lot in understanding
the modern concepts of western and American culture.
Mead published several books on contemporary
issues and primitive societies. She was a strong
supporter of women's rights. Her most renowned
works are Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), Growing
Up in New Guinea (1930), Sex and Temperament in
MARGARET MEAD Three Primitive Societies (1935), and Blackberry
(1901 - 1978) Winter: My Earlier years (1972).
 Ruth Benedict, a famous American cultural
anthropologist, was born on June 5, 1877, in New York
City. She was a student of Franz Boas, whose ideology
was clearly evident in her work. Benedict's most noted
work was the Patterns of Culture (1934), in which she
stated that every culture has originated from human
potentialities over a period of time. She is remembered
as one of the pioneers to apply anthropology in
studying the aspects of advanced societies. Other
RUTH BENEDICT (1877 - significant publications include Zuni Mythology (1935),
Race: Science and Politics (1940), and The
1948)
Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese
Culture (1946).
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