SAMPLING

TECHNIQUES
STRATEGIES IN QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Prepared By: NEILFREN P. VILLAS

A. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Random Sampling
2. Stratified Sampling
3. Systematic Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
B. NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Availability Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
3. Quota Sampling
4. Respondent – Assisted Sampling
C. MIXED – METHOD SAMPLING
1. Telephone Based Sampling
2. Web- based Sampling
3. Address-based Sampling
4. Time-based Sampling
5. Space-based Sampling
THE CONCEPT OF SAMPLING

 according to Kumar ( 2011 ), Sampling is the process of

selecting a few ( a sample ) from a bigger group ( the
population ) to become a basic to estimating or
predicting the prevalence of an unknown piece of
information, situation or outcome, regarding the bigger
group
Two factors may influence the degree of certainty
about the inferences drawn from a sample:

1. Findings based upon larger samples have more

certainty than those based on smaller ones. As a
rule, “the larger the sample size, the more accurate
the findings.”

2. The greater the variation in the study of

population with respect to the characteristics under
study for a given sample size, the greater the
uncertainty.
Types of Sampling (Kumar, 2011)

There are three major types of sampling

designs:

PROBABILITYSAMPLING
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
MIXED METHOD SAMPLING
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. RANDOM/PROBABILITY SAMPLING This is sampling design

where in each element in the population has an equal and
independent chance of the selection of the sample. The concept of
independence mean that the choice of one element is not
dependent upon the choice of another element of the sampling or
the selection or rejection of the element does not affect the
inclusion or exclusion of another.

1. LOTTERY METHOD (ALSO KNOWN AS FISHBOWL TECHNIQUE)

The numbers representing each element in the target population
are placed on chips, cards, rolled paper, etc. These are then placed
in a container and thoroughly mixed. Next, blindly select chips from
the container until the desired sample size has been obtained.
 2. TABLE OF RANDOM NUMBES. The numbers in a table of random
numbers are not arranged in any particular pattern. The researcher
should blindly select a starting point and then systematically
proceed in the table.

3. RANDOMLY GENERATED NUMBERS USING A COMPUTER

PROGRAM (i.e., random number generator). Activate the computer
program with random number generator. Key in a specific range of
numbers from hundreds, thousands, or millions and the random
numbers will appear from which you will pick your choices.

2. STRATIFIED SAMPLING (sometimes called quota random

sampling) this is probability of sampling procedure in which the
target population is first separated into mutually exclusive,
homogenous segment, and then a simple random sample is selected
3.SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING OR INTERVAL RANDOM SAMPLING. In
this sampling procedure, a random selection is made of the first element
for the sample, then subsequent element are selected using a fix or
systematic interval until the desire sample size is reached.

Example. After a random start, the researcher may systematically

select from a group of 100 students every third name appearing on
the list of community volunteers from the school to be able to get a
targeted sample of thirty-three students.

4.CLUSTER SAMPLING. This is probability sampling procedure wherein

elements of the population are randomly selected in natural occurring
groupings or cluster. In this kind of sampling the selection of the
population element is not individually but in aggregates. The clustering
of the sampling units may be based on geographical location.
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
They have 4 major types of non- probability sampling
design:
1. AVAILABILITY SAMPLING. under this sampling design, the
sample elements are selected from the target population base on
their availability, on the convenience of the researcher, and or
voluntary/self-selection.
According to Daniel 2012 availability sampling is the most
frequently used sampling procedure in research. Some reason for
this are.it is the least complicated sampling procedure. However,
availability sampling has it weakness, such as, it cannot target
specific elements of the population. It is least reliable; it does not
represent population elements that are nor readily accessible that
are uncooperative and are hidden. Moreover it understanding the
variety of the population
2.PURPOSIVE SAMPLING. This is non-probability
sampling procedure in which the elements are selected
from the target population on the basic of their fit with
purposes of the study and specific inclusion and exclusion
criteria.

3.QUOTA SAMPLING. This is the type of non-probability

sampling procedure in which the population is divided into
mutually exclusive subcategories, and the researcher
solicit participation in the study from members of the sub
categories until a target number of elements to be
sampled from the subcategories have been met.
4.Respondent-assisted sampling. In this sampling
procedure, the elements are selected from a target
population with the assistance of previously selected
population elements. This sampling procedure is often
used of studying social networks, rare population, and
hidden populations such as drug dealer and user and
other criminals or commercial sex worker etc.
 MIXED METHOD SAMPLING

This is sampling method that combines different types of sampling

method into a single design. This is supported by the idea that the
weaknesses of one method may be compensated by the strength
of the other method that is used. The used of mixed method
research design was spurred by the application of 2 key concept.
Multi method, multi trait matrix and triangulation ” which were
introduced by Campbell and fiske in 1959 ( multi-method –multi –
trait ) and the four types of triangulation by Denzil ( 2009) data
triangulation, method logical triangulation, investigator
triangulation, and theory triangulation ”( in Daniel 2012 )
1. TELEPHONE BASED SAMPLING This is a sampling
procedure that utilizes telephone numbers as
sampling units. According to research,
telephone survey were that dominant survey
methodology since the 1980s. There are 2
subtypes of telephone based sampling, list-
based sampling taken from telephone
directories, list of employees, costumer, etc. and
random digit dialing. The random sampling
procedures previously discussed in also be
applied in the telephone based sampling
2. WEB-BASED SAMPLING In this sampling procedure,
email addresses, website visits, and recruited user of the
internet are utilized as sampling units. There are three
categories of web-based sampling, namely: List-based
sampling of website visits, and sampling from recruited
panels potential in research projects.

3. ADDRESS-BASED SAMPLING In this kind procedure,

postal addresses are utilize as sampling units.
4. TIME-BASED SAMPLING
Units of time are used a s sampling units in this type of
sampling. This is used in studying repeated outcomes that
vary a great deal over time. The unit of time maybe time
of the day, days of the week, months of the year, or some
other time units. The time intervals may be the sampling
units. The length of interval would depend in part on the
rate of occurrence of what to be observed.
5. SPACE- BASED SAMPLING.
This refers to a set of sampling procedures that utilized
space is a sampling unit. This type of sampling is also
referred to as area sampling, spatial sampling, location-
based sampling, venue-based sampling and facility- based
sampling. The spaced may be geographical unit of various
location or venue. It is principal mode of sampling utilized
and nationwide personal interview surveys, environment
sampling, and ecological sampling (Daniel 2012).
A. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Random Sampling
2. Stratified Sampling
3. Systematic Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
B. NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Availability Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
3. Quota Sampling
4. Respondent – Assisted Sampling
C. MIXED – METHOD SAMPLING
1. Telephone Based Sampling
2. Web- based Sampling
3. Address-based Sampling
4. Time-based Sampling
5. Space-based Sampling
Source:
RESEARCH FUNDAMENTALS : A Guide for
Researchers and Thesis Writers

Adelaida B. Almeida, Ed.D.

Amelita A. Gaerlan, Ph.D.
Norita E. Manly, Ph.D.
 - END OF REPORT -

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