NAVIGATION

> The art of detecting the movement of a craft from one

point to another along a desired path.
 METHODS OF NAVIGATION
1. NAVIGATION BY PILOTAGE >the navigator fixes his position
on a map by observing known
landmarks.

2. CELESTIAL NAVIGATION >also called as Astronomical

Navigational
>it is accomplished by measuring
the angular position of celestial
bodies.
 METHODS OF NAVIGATION
3. NAVIGATION BY DEAD >the positions of crafts at any instant
RECKONING (DEDUCED of time is calculated from previously
CALCULATIONS) determined position, the speed of its
motion with respect to the earth with
the direction and the time elapsed.
>it is the most common and widely
used method of navigation.

4. INERTIAL NAVIGATION >navigation using motion sensors and

computers
 METHODS OF NAVIGATION

5. RADIO NAVIGATION >uses electromagnetic waves to attain

a fix.
 NAVIGATION PARAMETERS
1. POSITION >latitude and longitude

2. DIRECTION >bearing, azimuth, and relative bearing

3. DISTANCE >nautical mile (6080 ft.), statue mile

(5280 ft.), and radar mile (6000 ft.)

4. SPEED >1 knot (1 nautical mi./hr)

5. TIME >EST Meridian (GMT-5), CST (GMT-6),

MST Meridian (GMT-7), PST Meridian
(GMT-8)
NAVIGATION PARAMETERS

WORLD TIME ZONES

 RADAR

>Radio Detection and Ranging

>basically, a means of gathering

information about distant objects
or targets by sending
electromagnetic waves at them
and analyzing the echoes.
 TYPES OF RADAR
A. According to the Location of Transmitter and Receiver

1. Monostatic transmitter and receiver are both

located at the same point
2. Bistatic
transmitter and receiver are
separated by quite large distances
3. Multistatic
 TYPES OF RADAR
B. According to the Form of Transmitted Signal

1. Pulsed forms in short burst of RF energy

2. Continuous Wave gives the speed without the range

and distance using the principle of
Doppler Effect
 TYPES OF RADAR
C. According to the Information Given

Primary Surveillance Radar

1. Primary
(azimuth, range)

2. Secondary Secondary Surveillance Radar

(altitude, identification)
 DOPPLER EFFECT
> the apparent frequency of electromagnetic or sound waves depends on
the relative radial motion of the source and the observer

> if the source and observer are moving away from each other, the
apparent frequency will decrease, while if they are moving toward each
other, the apparent frequency will increase
 DOPPLER EFFECT
> postulated by Christian Doppler in 1842
> was given a firm mathematical basis by Armand Fizeau

where: v = velocity of the target in m/sec

λ = wavelength in m
fd = Doppler frequency
θ = angle of direction of target
and the radar line of sight to the target
 RADAR range
NOTE: the transmitted signal takes 6.16 µsec to travel one radar mile
Therefore,
Round Trip = 12.36µsec
 Pulse repetition time

> determines the maximum distance to the target to be measured

 Maximum unambiguous
range

> range beyond which objects appear as second return echoes

Minimum effective range
 Duty cycle

> Duty Cycle = Average Power / Peak Power

 examples
1. What is the duty cycle of radar with a PW of
3µsec and a PRT of 6msec?
 examples
2. Calculate the average power when peak power
is 1kW, PW is 3µsec and rest time of 1997µsec.
Radar range equations

Since

Pmin = kTB(F-1)
Then,
Radar range equations

where: Rmax = maximum range

Pt = transmitting power
Ao = capture area of the transmitting antenna
S = radar cross sectional area
Pmin = minimum receivable power
λ = wavelength
 examples

1. Calculate the minimum receivable signal in a

radar receiver which has an IF BW of 1.5 MHz
and a 9dB noise figure.
 examples

2. Calculate the maximum range of a radar

system which operates at 3cm with a peak pulse
power of 500kW, if its minimum receivable power
is 10-13 watts, the capture area of its antenna is 5
sq. m. and the radar cross sectional area of the
target is 20 sq. m.
 TARGET PROPERTIES

> the radar cross section or effective area of the target

depends on the frequency used
 RAYLEIGH REGION

> the target is small compared to a wavelength, its cross

sectional area for radar appears much smaller than its
real cross section
 RESONANCE REGION

> when the circumference of a spherical target is between

1 and 10 wavelengths, the radar cross section oscillates
about the real one
 OPTICAL REGION

> for shorter wavelengths, the radar and true cross

sections are equal
 TARGET CROSS SECTION

The Radar Cross Section of the Target Depends on:

1. polarization of the incident wave

2. degree of surface roughness
3. use of special coatings on the target
4. aspect of the target
 PULSE CHARACTERISTICS

> flat topped rectangular pulse

> leading must be vertical to ensure that the leading

edge of the received pulse is also close to vertical for the
exact measurement of the target range.

> steep trailing is needed for the transmitted pulse

so that the duplexer can switch the receiver over the
antenna as soon as the body of the pulse has passed
 RADAR ANTENNAS

> use dipole or horn fed paraboloid reflectors or at least

reflectors which is basically paraboloid shape
 ANTENNA TRACKING

> sequential lobe

1. Lobe Switching > the direction of the antenna
Technique beam is rapidly switched between
2 positions

> logical extension of lobe

2. Conical scanning switching

3. Monopulse tracking > a system using 4 horn antennas

displaced about the central focus
of the reflector
 SCANNING PATTERNS

1. Horizontal

2. Nodding
SCANNING PATTERNS
3. Helical

4. Spiral
 Radar display methods
1. A Scope

> deflection modulation of the CRT screen

 Radar display methods
1. A Scope

A-scan > range and intensity presentation

B-scan > range and azimuth presentation
C-scan > elevation and azimuth presentation
 Radar display methods
2. Plan Position Indicator

> intensity modulation of a CRT

> shows range, azimuth and speed

> shows a map of the target area

> the brightness at any point on the

screen indicates the presence of an
object there, with its position
corresponding to its actual physical
position and its range being
measured radially out from the
center
 Radar display methods
3. Automatic Target Detection
> direct feeding to a computer
 Radar display methods
3. Automatic Target Detection
> direct feeding to a computer
RADAR GENERAL TASKS

1. search for targets

2. track them once they have been acquired
 TRACKING RADAR SYSTEMS

1. Tracking in angle a system that gives the angular

position of a target accurately

range information is
2. Tracking in range
continuously obtained
 Radar beacons
> small radar sets consisting of a receiver, a separate
transmitter and an antenna which is often
omnidirectional

> when radar transmits a coded set of pulses at the

beacon, the beacon responds by sending back its
specific pulse code, thereby earning its name
transponder
 Radar beacons apps

> IFF (Identification Friend or

Foe)

> Calculation of position, similar

to lighthouses
Beacon range equations

Interrogation
Beacon range equations

Reply
 example

Calculate the maximum active tracking range of a

deep space radar operating at 2.5 GHz using a peak
pulse power of 0.5 MW, with an antenna diameter of
64m, a noise figure of 1.1 and a 5 kHz BW, if the
beacon antenna diameter is 1m, its noise figure is
13dB and it transmits a peak pulse power of 50 W.
 Air traffic control radar

> Aerodrome control PAR: precision approach radar

R<10 n.mi.

> Approach control ASR: airport surveillance radar

R: 10-60 n.mi

ARSR: air route surveillance

> Area control radar
-R: 60-200 n.mi.
 Instrument landing system
(ILS)
> uses localizer, glide, and marker
beacon transmitter to provide a
sloping glide path for instrument
(blind) landing approach of an
aircraft

> highly accurate and dependable

means of navigating to the runway.
When using the ILS, the pilot
determines aircraft position primarily
by reference to instruments
 Instrument landing system
(ILS)
1. Localizer > provides lateral
guidance

> a VHF radio

transmitter and
antenna system using
the same general
range as VOR (VHF
Omnidirectional
Range), transmitters
between 108.10 to
111.95 MHz
 Instrument landing system
(ILS)
2. Glide slope equipment > provides vertical
guidance
 Instrument landing system
(ILS)
3. ILS marker beacons

Marker Code Light Distance to Modulated

Beacon Threshold Frequency
Outer Blue 4 to 7 nm 400 Hz

Middle Amber 3500 ft 1300 Hz

Inner White 1000 ft 3000 Hz

 Instrument landing system
(ILS)
4. Runway lights
> approach lights (white)

provide guidance to the

pilot on an approaching
aircraft to the runway
 Instrument landing system
(ILS)
4. Runway lights
Sequence lights

a part of an approach light. It

flashes twice in second in
sequence. It distinguishes
aeronautical ground lights in
an aero dome to the other
lights in the area
 Instrument landing system
(ILS)
4. Runway lights
>runway edge
lights (amber)

provide sufficient
guidance to the pilot
during landing and take
off especially at night or
zero visibility
 Instrument landing system
(ILS)
4. Runway lights

>threshold lights provides information on

(green) the extremely runway
where landing aircraft is
intended to land
 Instrument landing system
(ILS)
4. Runway lights

>runway end lights signifies the end of

(red) runway and is placed on
lines at right angle to
the runway access
 Instrument landing system
(ILS)
4. Runway lights

>PAPI lights
(precision approach
path indicator)

provides a positive indicating on the aircraft

position relative to the optimal slope during
final approach to the runway
 GROUND-CONTROLLED
APPROACH (GCA)

> an airplane is talked down to a blind landing by means

of ground-based search and precision radars

> consisting of extremely high precision microwave radar

equipment that gives the position of an aircraft in range,
azimuth, and elevation. It is primary designed to bring the
pilot through low overcast of low horizontal visibility so that
he can make a normal landing by visual contact
 GROUND-CONTROLLED
APPROACH (GCA)
> basically the ground equipment at the airport consists of two
microwave radar sets, which are usually installed in a single trainer
placed adjacent to the runway. One of the radars, known as the
search system, locates all aircraft within 30 miles or so of the airport
and thus provides a radar map of the vicinity. It is the initial phase of
the GCA and is accomplished with medium range radar called plan
position indicator

> the other radar, called the precision system, provides continuous
information regarding the position of the incoming aircraft with respect
to the runway. The plane may thus be safely talked down along the
sloping glide path
 GROUND-CONTROLLED
APPROACH (GCA)
> on the final approach leg, the controller, using precision scopes,
takes control. He also broadcasts verbal instructions, principally
concerning attitude and lateral deviation from the desired glide path,
and guides the pilot virtually to the end of the runway

> on the final approach, the GCA operator uses precision approach
radar (PAR), a short-range precision radar that indicates the proper
glide path for descent
 NONDIRECTIONAL BEACONS
(NDB)
> are low-frequency transmitters operating into an omnidirectional
vertically polarized antenna. Usually placed at the ILS outer and
middle marker beacon sites where it is known as compass locator

> are beacons sending its signal equally well in all directions. It is a
low-frequency beacon with a frequency range of 200 kHz to 415 kHz.
The reception range of the radio beacon is at least 15 nautical miles
and it transmits 2 to 3 letters of identification signal from the Morse
code 8 times per minute. NDB provides a radio station for use by
aircraft. The equipment in the aircraft consists of an ADF.
 AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER
(ADF)
> automatic determination of relative bearing to a transmitting radio
station or non-directional beacon. Used for weather information and
other broadcast programs. It uses AM with frequency band of 190-
1860 kHz. It employs 2 loop antennas in 900 (goniometer).
 DISTANCE MEASURING
EQUIPMENT (DME)
> an equipment that provides information of the distance between an
aircraft and the VOR station

> together with VOR, they provide the information necessary for
reroute navigation
 DISTANCE MEASURING
EQUIPMENT (DME)
1. Transceiver

> sends out signals to

the ground station
 DISTANCE MEASURING
EQUIPMENT (DME)
2. Internal computer

> built within the

transceiver that measures
the time interval that
elapsed until the
response
 DISTANCE MEASURING
EQUIPMENT (DME)
3. Antenna

> used for both

transmission and
reception
 DISTANCE MEASURING
EQUIPMENT (DME)
3. DME controls

> incorporate digital

readouts of frequency,
DME and ground speed
information
 DISTANCE MEASURING
EQUIPMENT (DME)
DME displays information

expressed in
a. distance to the station
nautical miles

b. aircraft’s ground speed expressed in knots

c. time to station expressed in minutes

VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE
(VOR)

> a radio facility providing bearing information to

and from such facility at all azimuth within its
service area. It provides an unlimited number of
visual course legs through the phase comparison
of a cardioids-shaped rotating radiation pattern
with a fixed 30 Hz reference signal
 VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE
(VOR)
1. VOR receiver

> the VOR signals are received

on the antenna normally located
on the vertical stabilizer or on
the top of the fuselage. The
VOR receiver converts signals
from the antenna to the
readings displayed on the
navigation indicator
 VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE
(VOR)
2. Navigation indicator

> indicator gives the pilot aircraft

position information by means
of three components:
 VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE
(VOR)
2. Navigation indicator

> indicator gives the pilot aircraft

position information by means
of three components:

a. Track / Omnibearing used to rotate the

selector azimuth ring which
displays the VOR track
 VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE
(VOR)
2. Navigation indicator

> indicator gives the pilot aircraft

position information by means
of three components:

b. To – from / off flag indicates whether the

track will take the pilot
to or from the station
 VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE
(VOR)
2. Navigation indicator

> indicator gives the pilot aircraft

position information by means
of three components:
c. track deviation bar
(TB)
shows the pilot the position
relative to the track selected
and indicates whether the
radial is to the right or left
when the aircraft heading
agrees generally with the
track selector
 VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE
(VOR)
3. Track arrow

> a needle that you could think

of as a line that runs through the
station and points in the
direction of the selected track
that divides the area around the
VOR station into halves
 VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE
(VOR)
4. Reference line

> a line perpendicular to the

track arrow and intersecting it at
the station. It also divides the
VOR reception area to
additional sectors
 TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION
(TACAN)
> a microwave pulse system that provides highly accurate
bearing and range information from a shipboard or ground
radio beacon

> provides an aircraft with continuous distance (range)

and bearing (azimuth) information from a ground beacon
station located within a line-of-sight range up to 195
nautical miles

> operates completely in the UHF band from 962-1213 MHz

 TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION
(TACAN)
> has a total of 126 channels in the UHF band, each being
capable of providing full service for over 100 aircrafts

> provides compass direction with less than one degree

error and is capable of indicating true distance from the
ground station within about 600 feet

> can use a very small ground station antenna which

permits its installation on Air Force Mobile units and Navy
carriers
 TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION
(TACAN)
1. Airborne interrogator – responsor

> the airborne set is a radio set that could be tuned to 126
channels and has a special range and azimuth circuit. It is
generally provided with two indicators, one for showing the
range in nautical miles, the other for indicating the bearing
(azimuth) of the aircraft on the station
 TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION
(TACAN)
2. Ground or shipboard surface beacon

> a beacon that could be triggered by distance

interrogation pulses coming from an airborne radio set.
When triggered, it will respond by sending out
synchronized reply pulses and also identifies itself aurally
in International Morse Code characters
 VORTAC
> a facility consisting of two components or is referred to
as a combination of a VOR and a TACAN therefore
deriving the name VORTAC

> this system is an ICAO (International Civil Aviation

Organization) Rho-Theta system implemented by co-
locating VOR and TACAN azimuth and TACAN distance
measuring capability at one sight
 LOW FREQUENCY RANGE (LFR)

> range stations that provide four aircraft course legs (the
overlapping of two figure-of-8 patterns)

> the low frequency radio range depends on the superposition of two
figure-of-eight directional antenna patterns at right angle with each
other. These patterns provide on-course signals which interlock with
those of surrounding station to form easily followed airways. When two
vertical antenna towers are properly fed with radio frequency energy
they produce two figure-of-eight radiation patterns. This makes
production of on-course signals simpler and easier. Radio range
stations operate on frequency between 200 kHz and 400 kHz
 LOW FREQUENCY RANGE (LFR)
> four sectors are created by these towers between which are four
regions that overlap each other. In these regions, both signals from
towers are present. Signal in this overlapping zones are heard as
continuous tones blend rather than be heard individually. As long as an
aircraft flies over this zone where on-course signals are present, pilots
would hear continuous signals

> if two pairs of vertical tower are placed in a square patterns at right
angles to each other, the fifth center tower is used for transmitting
weather reports. With two figure-of-eight patterns available the
production of on-course signals becomes a simple matter. The code
signal A is transmitted over one pair of diagonally opposite towers, and
the code signal N is transmitted over the pair of towers. In this way,
four signal zones, called sectors, are produced, two of which carry the
A signal while other two carry the N signal. Between the four sectors
there are regions of overlapping
 LOW FREQUENCY RANGE (LFR)
Cone of Silence
> directly above a radio range station there exists an area where
practically no signal is heard. This area has the shape of inverted cone
and is known as the cone of silence. A pilot passing through the cone of
silence would know that he was directly over the range station whose
signal he had been receiving.
 HYPERBOLIC NAVIGATION
SYSTEM
> produces hyperbolic lines of position through the measurement of
the difference in times of transmission of radio signals from two or
more synchronized transmitters at fixed points

> when synchronized signals are received from two transmitting

stations, the difference in the times of arrival is constant on a
hyperbola having the two transmitting stations as foci

> the measured time difference locates the receiver on the hyperbolic
line of position for that time difference. Another pair of transmitters
provides another hyperbolic line of position. The intersection of the
lines of position provides a navigational fix.
 LORAN
> an electronic method of determining ship position by the
reception of signals from transmitting stations of known
locations

> radio signals consisting of short pulses are continually transmitted

from a pair of shore-based stations. These signals are received aboard
the ship by means of a specially designed receiver. The difference in
time of arrival of the two signals is measured by means of an indicator
associated with the receiver. The measured time difference is used
together with special tables or charts to determine line of position on
the surface on the earth’s surface. Two lines of position obtained from
two pairs of transmitting stations intersects at a given LORAN fix.
 LORAN A
> the ground waves of a LORAN A transmitter with a peak
power of 100 kW can be received over sea at a distance of
500 to 700 n.mi. and a distance of up to 1100 n.mi. with
ground and sky waves. Over land these distances are
considerably shorter.
 LORAN C
> LORAN C transmitters operate at lower frequencies of
100 kHz. At this frequency, ground waves of a 300 kW
transmitter can be received up to 1200 n.mi.
 LORAN D
> the advantage of LORAN D over LORAN A is that ground stations
are transportable and can therefore be quickly deployed. This mobility
is gained at the expense of the substantially reduced radiated power
(30 kW peak) inherent in the somewhat smaller transmitter and lower
antenna towers (400 ft. or 120 m) to partially compensate for this
reduction in radiated power. LORAN D is configured to use 16 phase-
coded pulses 500µsec part in each group. LORAN D phase code is
different but compatible with LORAN C system format and 100µsec
apart as in LORAN C. pulse sampling is carried out near the signal
peak because sky-wave delays are greater at short range.
 DECCA
> a continuous wave hyperbolic system operating in the 70
to 130 kHz band

> a hyperbolic navigation system which establishes a line

of position from measurement of the phase difference
between two continuous-wave signals
 OMEGA
> a navigation system developed by US Navy in 1957. It is
a hyperbolic system which works in the VLF region and
has a very long base line of the order of 7000 km

> a global radio navigation system that provides position

information by measuring the phase difference between
signals radiated by a network of transmitting stations
 GEE
> ground electronics engineering

> operates from 20 to 85 MHz

 SONAR
> sound navigation and ranging

> a system used

abroad navy ships
for sonic and ultra
sonic underwater
detection, ranging,
sounding and
communications
 TCAS
> traffic alert and collision avoidance system

> TCAS tracks these other airplanes or intruders, if

equipped with an ATCRBS (air traffic control radar beacon
system)
 TCAS
Two types of collision avoidance alerts

shows the relative

1. traffic advisory (TA)
position of any intruder
airplanes

vertical maneuver to
2. resolution advisory avoid a possible
(RA) airplane collision
 GPS
> global positioning system

> the Navigation Systems

Timing and Ranging Global
Positioning System
(NAVSTAR GPS) is a
worldwide navigation radio
aid which uses satellite
signals to provide accurate
navigation information
 GPS
> provides specially coded satellite signals that can be
processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to
compute position, velocity and time

> four GPS satellite signals are used to compute positions

in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver
clock

> navigation in three dimensions is the primary function of

GPS
 GPS

1. Space segment

> composed of a constellation of 24 satellites arranged in

six separate orbital planes of four satellites each on a
circular orbit and have the following characteristics:

a. 550 inclination to the equator

b. an altitude of approximately 20,200 km with an orbital
period of 12 sidereal hours
c. 11 hrs, 58 min orbital period
 GPS

Satellites give:

a. satellite position

b. constellation data

c. atmospheric corrections
 GPS

2. Control segment

Monitor stations locations

> Kwajalein
> Hawaii
> Ascension Island
> Diego Garcia
> Colorado Springs (master control station)
 GPS

3. User segment

Main advantages

-anytime, anywhere, and in any weather

-highly accurate measurements

-GPS has almost endless applications

 Q&a
An area directly above a radio range station where
practically no signal is heard.

a) radio range

b) cone of silence

c) coverage area

d) RDF area
 Q&a
A shipboard equipment which measures the distance
between the ship’s bottom and the ocean floor by sending
the ultrasonic pulses via a transducer which are reflected
at the sea bottom and received with the same transducer.

a) echosounder

b) SONAR

c) compandor

d) hydrophone
 Q&a
The ratio of the pulse width to the time
between the beginning of 2 pulses.

a) duty cycle

b) Doppler shift

c) blind speed

d) tracking error
 Q&a
A navigation system from which hyperbolic lines of position
are determined by measuring the difference in the times of
arrival of pulses from widely spaced, synchronized
transmitting stations.

a) LORAN

b) TACAN

c) DME

d) VOR
 Q&a
A measure of the ability of the receiver to
detect transmission.

a) selectivity

b) sensitivity

c) detector

d) demodulator
 Q&a
Radio range stations in LFR operate on
frequencies between

a) 20 kHz & 40 kHz

b) 200 kHz & 400 kHz

c) 30 kHz & 300 kHz

d) 2 MHz & 4 MHz

 Q&a
The fifth center tower in an LFR is used for
transmitting _____ reports

a) hazard

b) range

c) weather

d) direction
 Q&a
The direction of one terrestrial point from another,
expressed as angular distance from a reference
direction.

a) heading

b) bearing

c) relative bearing

d) true bearing
 Q&a
DME operates in the ________ frequency
band.

a) LF

b) HF

c) VHF

d) UHF
 Q&a
SONAR equipment feature which enlarges
all echoes on the screen.

a) grayline

b) zoom

c) sensitivity

d) ASP
 Q&a
A major obstacle in achieving high speed
operation in a SONAR manifested by turbulent
water flow.

a) transom

b) cavitation

c) thru-hull

d) shoot thru
 Q&a
Considered to be the SONAR unit’s antenna

a) crystal

b) transducer

c) localizer

d) transceiver
 Q&a
The speed of sound through water

a) 4800 m/sec

b) 1463 m/sec

c) 4800 miles/sec

d) 5000 ft/sec
 Q&a
What is an electronic measuring equipment used
in navigation operating in 1 GHz band which
provides bearing and distance indication?

a) TACAN

b) VOR

c) ILS

d) DME
 Q&a
An instrument used to measure one location
in terms of coordinates.

a) global positioning system

b) hydrometer

c) altimeter

d) increductometer
 Q&a
The distance in angular degrees in a
clockwise direction from magnetic north.

a) phase difference

b) azimuth

c) latitude

d) longitude
 Q&a
_______ is used with a localizer station to indicate
the desired approach path of an aircraft.

a) glide slope system

b) marker

c) LORAN chart

d) OBI
 Q&a
_______ is a 30 Hz signal which has a constant
phase at all points around the VOR station.

a) reference signal

b) variable signal

c) ID signal

d) voice modulation
 Q&a
If the peak transmitted power in a radar system is
increased by a factor of 16, the maximum range
will be increased by a factor of

a) 2

b) 4

c) 8

d) 16
 Q&a
After a target has been acquired, the best
scanning system for tracking is

a) nodding

b) spiral

c) conical

d) helical
 Q&a
The coho in MTI radar operates at the

a) intermediate frequency

b) transmitted frequency

c) received frequency

d) pulse repetition frequency

 Q&a
If the target cross section is changing , the
best system for accurate tracking is

a) lobe switching

b) sequential lobing

c) conical scanning

d) monopulse
 Q&a
The number of pulses that occur per second
in a radar is called

a) PRR

b) pulse train

c) pulse width

d) duty cycle
 Q&a
The phenomenon evidenced by the change in the observed frequency
of a sound or a radio wave caused by the time rate of change in the
magnitude of the radial component of relative velocity between the
source and the point of observation.

a) tunnel effect

b) Doppler effect

c) Gunn effect

d) end effect
 Q&a
_______ are non-directional transmitters that
operate in the LF and MF bands.

a) radio beacons

b) DME

c) ILS

d) LORAN
 Q&a
When a single antenna is intended to be used for
transmitting and receiving , it is necessary to use
a

a) duplexer

b) diplexer

c) combiner

d) translator
 Q&a
The most commonly used component in a RADAR
transmitter is the _______ tube.

a) dynatron

b) twystron

c) magnetron

d) cyclotron
 Q&a
A radar display that sweeps outward of the center
of the screen while rotating is known as

a) CRT

b) PPI

c) D-scope

d) periscope
 Q&a
The time from the transmission of a radar pulse to
its reception is 0.12 msec. The distance to the
target is _________ nautical miles.

a) 4.85

b) 11.2

c) 9.7

d) 7.9
 Q&a
The pulse duration of a radar signal is 600
nanoseconds. The PRF is 185 pulses per second.
The duty cycle is

a) 0.01%

b) 5.5%

c) 31%

d) 97%
 Q&a
Doppler effect allows which characteristic of a
RADAR target to be measured?

a) distance

b) speed

c) size of target

d) azimuth
 Q&a
Most radar antennas use

a) dipoles

b) broadside array

c) horn and parabolic antenna

d) discone
 Q&a
The following are the components of an ILS
except:

a) localizer

b) glide slope

c) markers

d) goniometer
 Q&a
The following are hyperbolic systems
except:

a) LORAN

b) DECCA

c) OMEGA

d) TACAN
 Q&a
What do you call an electronic measuring equipment used
in navigation which provides runway direction, distance
and height guidance to permit blind landing?

a) DME

b) VOR

c) TACAN

d) ILS
 Q&a
A radio aid to navigation that uses a rotatable loop
or other highly directional antenna arrangement to
determine the direction of a radio signal.

a) DME

b) RDF

c) TACAN

d) VOR
 Q&a
An agency of the United Nations, that formulates
standards and recommended practices for all civil
aviation.

a) ICAO

b) CAA

c) IATA

d) ATO
 Q&a
LORAN is a navigation system used
primarily for

a) obtaining fixes over large distances

b) approach control

c) blind landing

d) IFF surveillance operation

 Q&a
TACAN is a navigational aid providing

a) speed and height indication

b) bearing and weather information

c) bearing and distance indication

d) cone of confusion
 Q&a
Otherwise known as Coastline refraction or
the refraction of waves towards the
coastline.
a) Polarization effect

b) Land effect

c) Skin effect

d) Luxembourg effect
 Q&a
Low-power radar uses

a) RIMPATT

b) TRAPATT

c) magnetron

d) IMPATT
 Q&a
RADAR means:

a) Radio Detection and Rating

b) Radio Detection and Ranging

c) Radio Distance and Ranging

d) Radio Delay and Ranging

 Q&a
A long range navigation system in which two pairs of
ground stations transmit pulsed signal, which are used by
aircraft or ships to determine their position.

a) LORAN

b) SHORAN

c) GEE

d) TCAS
 Q&a
LORAN stands for

a) low radar navigation

b) low range navigation

c) long range radar navigation

d) long range navigation

 Q&a
LORAN was developed in the United States during WWII.
What system equivalent to LORAN, which was developed
in England and is used for guiding high-flying bombers
over Germany during WWII?

a) SHORAN

b) DECCA

c) OMEGA

d) GEE
 Q&a
What navigational system that uses the principle
known as hyperbolic navigation?

a) GEE

b) LORAN

c) OMEGA

d) All of the above

 Q&a
Navigation principle that depends on the measurement of
the difference in distance to two fixed stations whose
separation distance is accurately known.

a) triangulation

b) hyperbolic

c) elliptic

d) pilotage
 Q&a
In hyperbolic navigation, how many sets of
hyperbolas are needed before a position (fix) is
obtained?

a) 2

b) 4

c) 6

d) 8
 Q&a
In LORAN system, at least how many ground
stations are needed before a position (fix) is
obtained?

a) 2

b) 4

c) 6

d) 8
 Q&a
In GEE system, at least how many ground
stations are needed before a position or fix is
determined?

a) 2

b) 3

c) 5

d) 7