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Stages of Development
Prenatal
(womb to birth)

Natal
(0 to 6 months)

Infancy
(6 months to 2.6 years)
Early Childhood
(2.6 to 6 years)

Childhood
(6 years to 11 years)
Adolescence
(11years to 19 years)

Adulthood
(19 years to 35 years)
Neuro-psychological Development of Child

Neurological Psychological
 Neurological

Sensory Motor
Tactile (Touch)
Visual (Vision)
Auditory (Hearing)
Gustatory(Taste)
Olfactory(Smell)
 MOTOR
Reflexes
Walk
Gross
Posture
Hand Movements
Writing
Fine
Speech
 Psychological
Recognition
Response to Sound, Colours & Gestures
Social Smile
Emotions
Emotional Response
Communication skills with out language
Language
Communication skills with language
 Causes affecting Neuro-psychological
Development

Biological Psychological
Causes Affecting Biological Development

Genetic Physical Physiological

Mother’s Health
Nutrition
Physical Illness
Injuries
Causes Affecting Biological Development

Genetic Physical Physiological

Constitutional Weakness
Allergies
Asthma
Repeated Infections
Causes Affecting Psychological Development

Race
Culture
Socio-economic status
Environment
Circumstances
Luck
Environment
Home
School
Neighbourhood
Country
Global
 Manifestation
(How to recognize the abnormal Neuro-psychological development)

Biological Psychological
Biological Manifestation of Neuropsychological
problems

Delayed developmental milestones

Hereditary diseases
Myths
 Height
 Physique
 Hair
 Complexion
 Psycho- sexual development of Child

 1. Oral (0 – 1 yr.)
 2. Anal (1 – 3 yrs.)
 3. Phallic (3 – 5 yrs.)
 4. Latency (5 – 11yrs.)
 5. Genital (11- 19 yrs.)
 Oral stage (0-1yr.)
Characteristics:- Child gets pleasure through sucking

Personality Traits;- Trust to others

Self Reliance
Self Trust
Sharing

Pathological Traits:- Dependent

Demanding
Envy / Jealous
Pessimism or excessive
optimism and selfishness
 Anal Stage (1 – 3 yrs.)
Characteristics :- Known as the period of “Toilet Training”

Personality Traits:- Confidence

Independence
Decisiveness
Cooperative

Pathological Traits:- Ambivalence

Stubbornness
Messiness
Frugality
Rage

( In later stage “Obsessive – Compulsive neurosis

may develop)
 Phallic Stage ( 3 – 5 yrs.)
Characteristics:- Child develops interest for parent of
opposite sex
Interest in sex organs specially for
penis increases in both sexes
Increase in genital masturbation

Personality Traits:- Emotional stability

Creativity
Constructive abilities
Self competency

Pathological Traits:- Excessive competitiveness

Excessive Ambitiousness
Sense of Shame and inadequacy

(In later stage it may lead to different neurosis)

 Latency stage ( 5 -11yrs)

Characteristics:-Period of impulse control, ego-balance

energies increases, skill development

Personality Traits:- Sense of Industry,

Sense of Initiative

Pathological Traits:- Imbalance Impulse

control (over / under) which
hampers the personality development

(In later stage it may lead to obsessive traits)

 Genital Stage (11-19 yrs.)

Characteristics:- Known as puberty period , stage of hormonal

changes, Intense drives sp. Sexual, regression in personality

Period of onset of reflection of conflict developed in previous stages

Mature sense of identity, Independence, Social expectations
and cultural values increases

Personality Traits:- Mature, Creative, ego balance, productivity,

meaningful goals and values, self realization,
meaningful participation in areas of Work and
love.

Pathological Traits:- Identity diffusion, Exaggeration of complexes/

conflicts arise in previous stages,
 Adaptive, personal, Social
Behavior Development
Natal stage (0-6months)

Responds to sound
Attracts to moving objects
Arms activate
Attracts to mother
Social Smile
Aware of strange situation
 Adaptive, personal, Social Behavior Development

Infancy (6mo- 2.6yrs.)

One hand approach and grasp of toy, Matches two

objects, imitate scribbles, Seeks novelty, builds a
tower of three or four cubes, imitates 2-3 shapes,
Develops original behavior

Imitates sounds, separation anxiety increases,

responds to social play, cooperates in dressing
Indicate self by name, organised demonstration of
love and protest.
 Adaptive, personal, Social Behavior Development

Early childhood (2.6-6yrs.)

Builds tower of 9-10 cubes, copies cross,

repeats four digits, counts three objects
with pointing, copies a square, draws a
person, counts 10 objects accurately, prints
name, copies triangle,

Puts on shoes, unbuttons buttons, feeds self,

washes and dry face, dresses self, prints few
letters, plays competitive games, ties shoe laces.
 Adaptive, personal, Social Behavior Development

Language Development (1yr.-1.6 yr)

Discriminates sounds
understands-basic body parts/ names of
Common objects/ some new words every week

Identify simple objects by the group of pictures

or objects

Uses single words, talks to toys, self or others

vowels articulated correctly, initial and final
consonants often omitted
 Adaptive, personal, Social Behavior Development

Language Development (1.6 yrs.- 3 yrs.)

Responds to simple directions and actions

Commands, Uses two words phrases
Understands pronouns and complex
sentences, small body parts, relational
names, size, most adjectives, functions.

uses language to ask for needs, Utterances 50%

Intelligible Grammar formation increases step by
Step Speech may show rhythmic disturbances
 Adaptive, personal, Social Behavior Development

Language Development
(3yrs – 4.6 yrs)

Understands:- Prepositions,
Cause and effect,
Analogies

Uses language to relate incident from past

Exaggerates speech

Uses grammatical forms, mistake still

occurs
 Adaptive, personal, Social Behavior Development

Language Development
(4.6 yrs – onwards)

It is the stage when true language skills develops

Understand concepts of Number, speed, left ,

right, abstracts terms

Tells stories, share ideas, use of varied grammar ,

self correction of grammatical errors,
 Emotional development
Birth to 6 yrs
Birth:- Pleasure, Surprise, disgust,
distress
6-8 weeks:- Joy
3-4 months:- Anger
8-9 months:- Sadness, fear
12-18 months:- Tender affection, shame
24 months:- Pride
3-4 yrs.:- Guilt, Envy
5-6 yrs:- Insecurity, humility, confidence
 Psychological Manifestation of
Neuropsychological development

Psychological

Psychosocial

Psycho intellectual

Neuro-psychological
Psychological
Adaptation

Defence Mechanism

Role Demand
Social behaviour

Symptom Complexes
Psycho intellectual
Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)
Emotional Quotient(E.Q.)
Performance Quotient (P.Q.)
Social Intelligence Quotient (S.I.Q.)
Spiritual Quotient (S.Q.)
Neuropsychological
Epilepsy
Polio
Muscle Dystrophy
Multiple Seherosis
Brain Tumor / TB
Cerebral Palasy
Handicaps
• Limbs
• Eyes
• Ears
• Speech
• Nose
Abnormalities at the age of 0 to 3 years

Retardation Psychological

Physical
Mental
Combined
 Psychological
Tantrums
Autism
Attention Seeking
Feeding disorder
Aggression
Eating disorder
Pica
A.D.H.D
Sibling Rivalry
Learning difficulties
Separation Anxiety
Handwriting
Nail Biting
Teeth Grinding
Nightmares
Lying, Stealing
Bed Wetting/Soiling
Fear of school
Thumbs sucking
Abnormalities at the age of 6 to 11 years

Disrespectful behaviour
Maladjustment
Selfishness
Accusing others
Violent behaviour
Abnormalities at the age of 11 to 19 years

Age of puberty
Infatuation
Anxiety
Depression
Mood Swings (especially in females)
Escaping from School and Home
Smoking, drinking, drug abuse
Adjustment problems
Fantasies
Phobias
 Recognizing the problem
Change in behaviour pattern
Withdrawn behaviour
Aggression, rebellious
Stubbornness
Poor performance
Lack of Hygiene Maintenance
Insomnia
Extra self grooming
High talks
Change in content of talks
Change in looks of the eyes
Change in complexion
Increased time spending in toilet and outside the home
Change in body language
Change in friends
Deterioration in handwriting
 Management
Help of expert psychologist to recognise the nature
of problem.

Further Management as per the psychologist advise.