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Ceng 27 Lecture002 Introduction To Surveying - 2
Ceng 27 Lecture002 Introduction To Surveying - 2
Surveying
Difference between the true value
and the measured value of a quantity
and is often beyond the control of
the one performing the operation.
ERRORS
Inherent in all measurements and
result from sources which cannot be
avoided.
Inaccuracies in measurements which
occur because some aspect of a surveying
operation is performed by the surveyor
with carelessness, inattention, poor
judgement, and improper execution.
MISTAKES
Caused by a misunderstanding of the
problem, inexperience, or indifference of
the surveyor.
• A large mistake is called a blunder.
Mistakes and blunders are not considered
as errors because they usually are so large
in magnitude when compared to errors
Reading the wrong graduation on the tape
Transposition of figures
EXAMPLE OF Reading a scale backward
MISTAKES:
Misplacing a decimal point
(c) (d)
GOOD PRECISION AND GOOD ACCURACY POOR PRECISION AND POOR ACCURACY
(Average hit concentrated within the bull’s eye) (No average hit in bull’s eye)
Accuracy and
Precision
• It is desirable for surveying
measurements to be made with
high precision.
σ𝑋 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛
𝑚𝑝𝑣 = 𝑋ത = =
𝑛 𝑛
Sample Problems
1. A surveyor instructor sent out six groups of students to
measure a distance between two points marked on the
ground. The students came up with the following six
different values: 250.25, 250.15, 249.90, 250.50, and 251.22
meters. Assuming these values are equally reliable and that
variations result from accidental errors, determine the most
probable value of the distance measured.
2. The angles about a point Q have the following observed
values. 130°16’20”, 142°37’30”, and 87°07’40”. Determine
the most probable value of each angle.
3. The observed interior angles of a triangle are A =
35°14’37”. B = 96°30’09”, and C = 48°15’05”. Determine the
discrepancy for the given observation and the most probable
value of each angle.
4. Measurements of three horizontal angles shown in the
figure about a point P are: APB = 12°31’50”, BPC = 37°29’20”,
and CPD = 47°36’30”. If the measurement if the single angle
APD is 97°37’00”, determine the most probable values of the
angles.