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Chapter 19
Chapter 19
19
Inductance
McGraw-Hill
19-1: Induction by
Alternating Current
Induced voltage is the result of flux cutting
across a conductor.
This action can be produced by physical motion
of either the magnetic field or the conductor.
Variations in current level (or amplitude)
induces voltage in a conductor because the
variations of current and its magnetic field are
equivalent to the motion of the flux.
Thus, the varying current can produce induced
voltage without the need for motion of the
conductor.
The ability of a conductor to induce voltage in
itself when the current changes is called self-
inductance, or simply inductance.
19-1: Induction by
Alternating Current
Induction by a varying current results from the change
in current, not the current value itself. The current must
change to provide motion of the flux.
Point E with zero current, there is no magnetic flux. The field can be
considered collapsed into the wire.
The next half-cycle of current allows the field to expand and collapse
again, but the directions are reversed.
When the flux expands at points F and G, the field lines are clockwise.
From G to H and I, this clockwise field collapses into the wire.
19-1: Induction by
Alternating Current
Characteristics of inductance are important in:
AC circuits: In these circuits, the current is
continuously changing and producing induced
voltage.
DC circuits in which the current changes in value: DC
circuits that are turned off and on (changing between
zero and its steady value) can produce induced
voltage.
19-2: Self-Inductance L
The symbol for inductance is L, for linkages of magnetic
flux.
VL
L=
di / dt
air-core d iron-core
symbol symbol
(μ r = 1) (μr >> 1)
N 2A
L = μr 1.26 × 10−6 H
l
Where:
L is the inductance in henrys.
μr is the relative permeability of the core
N is the number of turns
A is the area in square meters
l is the length in meters
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19-2: Self-Inductance L
Typical Coil Inductance Values
Air-core coils for RF applications have L values in
millihenrys (mH) and microhenrys (μH).
Formula: vL = L ()di
dt
LI 2
Energy = Where the energy is in joules:
L is the inductance in henrys
2
I is the current in amperes
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/index.html
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Examples
How much is the self-induced voltage across a 4-H
inductance produced by a current change of 12 A/s?
L M = k L 1L 2
19-5: Mutual Inductance LM
Coefficient of coupling, k, is the fraction of total flux from
one coil linking another coil nearby.
Specifically, the coefficient of coupling is
k = flux linkages between L1 and L2 divided by
flux produced by L1
There are no units for k, because it is a ratio of two
values of magnetic flux. The value of k is generally
stated as a decimal fraction.
19-5: Mutual Inductance LM
The coefficient of coupling is increased by placing the
coils close together, possibly with one wound on top of
the other, by placing them parallel, or by winding the
coils on a common core.
A high value of k, called tight coupling, allows the
current in one coil to induce more voltage in the other.
Loose coupling, with a low value of k, has the opposite
effect.
Two coils may be placed perpendicular to each other
and far apart for essentially zero coupling to minimize
interaction between the coils.
19-5: Mutual Inductance LM
Fig. 19-8: Examples of coupling between two coils linked by LM. (a) L1 or L2 on paper or plastic
form with air core; k is 0.1. (b) L1 wound over L2 for tighter coupling; k is 0.3. (c) L1 and L2 on the
same iron core; k is 1. (d) Zero coupling between perpendicular air-core coils.
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19-5: Mutual Inductance LM
Calculating LM
Mutual inductance increases
with higher values for
primary and secondary
inductances.
LM = k L1 L2
where L1 and L2 are the self-
inductance values of the two
coils, k is the coefficient of
coupling, and LM is the
mutual inductance.
19-6: Transformers
Transformers are an
important application of
mutual inductance.
A transformer has two or
more windings with mutual
inductance.
The primary winding is
connected to a source of ac
power.
The secondary winding is
connected to the load.
Transformer steps up voltage (to 100V) and steps current down (to 1A)
Fig. 19-9: Iron-core transformer with 1:10 turns ratio. Primary current IP induces secondary
voltage VS, which produces current in secondary load RL.
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19-6: Transformers
A transformer can step up or step down the voltage
level from the ac source.
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19-6: Transformers
Turns Ratio
The ratio of the number of turns in the primary to the
number in the secondary is the turns ratio of the
transformer.
Turns ratio equals NP/NS.
where NP equals the number of turns in the primary and
NS equals the number of turns in the secondary.
The turns ratio NP/NS is sometimes represented by the
lowercase letter a.
19-6: Transformers
The voltage ratio is the same as the turns ratio:
VP / VS = NP / NS
VP = primary voltage, VS = secondary voltage
NP = number of turns of wire in the primary
NS = number of turns of wire in the secondary
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
19-6: Transformers
Current Ratio is the inverse of the voltage ratio. (That
is voltage step-up in the secondary means current
step-down, and vice versa.)
The secondary does not generate power but takes it
from the primary.
The current step-up or step-down is terms of the
secondary current IS, which is determined by the load
resistance across the secondary voltage.
19-6: Transformers
Current Ratio 1:3
IL = 1/3 x 0.3
= 0.1 A
120 V Primary Secondary Load 360 V
0.3 A
0.1 A
IS/IP = VP/VS
3:1
IL = 3 x 0.1
= 0.3 A
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19-6: Transformers
Transformer efficiency is the ratio of power out to
power in.
Stated as a formula
% Efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100
Assuming zero losses in the transformer, power out
equals power in and the efficiency is 100%.
Actual power transformers have an efficiency of
approximately 80 to 90%.
19-6: Transformers
Transformer Efficiency 3:1
Fig. 19-33: The internal dc resistance ri of a coil is in series with its inductance L.