Basic safety procedure

in high risk activities

and industries
Procedure in hazards analysis in the
workplace.

Control of hazardous energies.

Confined space entry.

Group 2:
Calupit, Vince Robert L.
Catuera, Marvin J.
Cayabyab, Florencio Jr.
Peñalosa, Nhilo R.
Procedure in hazards analysis in the
workplace
 Job Hazards analysis

OBJECTIVES:

 Identify existing hazards

 Identify potential hazards
 Prioritize corrective actions
 Reduce or eliminate hazards
Procedure in hazards analysis in the
workplace
 Identifying existing hazards
 General inspection
 Special inspection
 Walk around inspections
Procedure in hazards analysis in the
workplace
 Identifying potential hazards

 Identify the job or task to be analyzed.

 Break the job or task into key components.
 Identify the hazards found in each key component.
 Identify ways to eliminate or control these hazards.
 Eliminate the hazard or install controls.
 Keep a record of the hazards identified and steps taken to eliminate or
control them.
 Periodically assess controls to ensure they are working correctly.
Procedure in hazards analysis in the
workplace
 Identifying potential hazards

 Impact  Heat/cold
 Penetration  Compression
 Being caught between  Optical radiation
pinch points  Chemical exposures
 Harmful airborne  Ionizing radiation
contaminants
 Slippery surfaces
 Repetitive motions and
awkward postures
Common Hazards in the Workplace
Stressor Hazard Hazard Hazard
Type Type Type
Chemical Corrosive Fire Toxic
Explosion
Electrical Shock Short Circuit Fire-Static

Mechanical Moving Failure Noise

Parts Pressure
Ergonomic Strain Human Error Fatigue
Common Hazards in the Workplace
Stressor Hazard Type Hazard Hazard
Type Type
Radiation Ionizing Non
Ionizing
Contact Struck By Struck Caught In
Against
Environment Temperature Visibility Weather

Miscellaneous Slips Trips Falls

Procedure in hazards analysis in the
workplace
 Evaluate the hazards
 Isthis a safety or
health hazard?
 Could the hazard cause
an injury or illness?
 How serious is the risk?
 Isthis hazard always
present?
 Are engineering and
administrative
controls effective?
 Is the right PPE
being used?
 Is safety training
creating sufficient
awareness?
 Are protective
measures adequate?
Controlling the Hazards
1. Elimination of Hazard - Remove or reduce
2. Substitution of less hazardous material or reduce energy - lower
speed, force, amperage, pressure, temperature, and noise.
3. Engineering Controls
4. Warnings
5. Administrative Controls & Procedures - Remove or reduce the exposure
6. Personal protective equipment (PPE) - Put up a barrier
Controlling the Hazards

 The most effective controls are engineering controls that

physically change a machine or work environment to
prevent employee exposure to the hazard.
 The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can be
circumvented, the better.
 If this is not feasible, administrative controls may be
appropriate.
 This may involve changing how employees do their jobs.
Determine Safe
Procedures and Protections
 Perform job differently
 Reconfigure work area/
workstations
 Substitute less hazardous
materials
 Change from manual
to mechanical
 Insulating or cleaning
 Add, improve, change
safety training
 Change tools or
equipment
 Change or add PPE
 Perform certain
tasks less often
 Engineering controls include the following:
 Elimination/minimization of the hazard
 Substitution of equipment or process to decrease hazard
 Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards,
blast shields, or other means; and
 Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local
and exhaust ventilation.
 Administrative controls include the following:
 Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe work practices;
 Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to control heat stress
and ergonomic hazards);
 Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials;
 Alarms, signs, and warnings;
 Buddy system; and
 Training
 Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as a
control method in the following circumstances:
 When engineering controls are not feasible or do not
totally eliminate the hazard;
 While engineering controls are being developed;
 When safe work practices do not provide sufficient
additional protection; and
 During emergencies when engineering controls may not
be feasible.
Control of hazardous
energies

Lockout
Tagout
Control of hazardous energies
 Control of energizing, starting, or stored energy in machinery or
equipment which could cause injury to employees

 Lockout: The placement of a lockout device on an energy isolating device to

ensure that the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the
lockout device is removed

 Tagout: The placement of a tagout device on an energy isolating device to

indicate the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout
device is removed

 Energy isolating device: The mechanism that prevents the

transmission or release of energy and to which locks or tags are
attached
 Includes manually operated circuit breakers, disconnect
switches, line valves, blocks, and others
Locks and Tags:
 Make locks and tags available to all
authorized employees
 Each authorized employee must use his
or her own lock/tag. They are to keep
the key with them while performing the
work
 Each lock must have only one key. Locks
with a master key are not permitted.
 Only the authorized user removes the
lock they installed.
Energy Control Procedure
 Only authorized employees perform LOTO
 All affected employees are notified of LOTO
 Identify the powers source(s) for the equipment
 Perform normal shutdown on the equipment
 De-energize the power source
 Place lockout and tagout devices on the power source
 Test the equipment for potential energy
 Return all controls to the neutral of off position
 Maintenance or servicing can now be performed
Removal of LOTO
 Make sure all tools are stored
 Verify that the switches are in the neutral or off position
 All guards must be in place
 Personnel must be clear of the equipment
 Each authorized person shall remove only his or her own lockout and/or
tagout device
 Return to energy isolating device to its on position
Removal of LOTO
 When the authorized employee is not available,
the following actions may be taken:
 Make a reasonable attempt to contact the
authorized employee.
 Remove all tools and material from the equipment
area.
 Make sure all affected employees are clear of the
area.
 Withthe approval of the Plant Manager, the lock
and/or tag can be removed.
 Upon the return of the authorized employee,
immediately notify them of the removal of their
lockout device.
Training
 Authorized Employees:
 Instructed in the recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources.
 Instructed in the procedures for lockout / tagout
 Instructed in the proper procedures for de-energizing an energy control device.
 Instructed in the use of the locks and tags.
 Instructed in the procedures for restoring energy.
Training
 Affected Employees
 Instructed in the purpose of lockout / tagout
 Instructed to refrain from attempting to start or re-energize any machine or
equipment that is locked out or tagged out
 Other Employees
 All employees will be instructed to stay clear of equipment or machines that
are locked out or tagged out
 Energy source

 Mechanical

 Hydraulic

 Chemical

 Pneumatic

 Electrical

 Thermal
Confined space entry
Confined spaces

 Confined space is space that:

 Is large enough & so configured that employee can bodily enter & perform
assigned work
 Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (i.e. tanks, vessels, silos,
pits, vaults or hoppers)
 Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy
Confined spaces

• Boiler, Degreaser, Furnace

• Pipeline, Pit, Pumping Station
• Reaction or Process Vessel, Mills
• Septic Tank, Sewage Digestor
• Silo, Storage Tank, Barges
• Sewer, Utility Vault, Manhole
• Trenches, Shafts, Caissons
 How to Identify Confined Spaces

• Limited Openings for Entry and Exit

• Unfavorable Natural Ventilation

• Not Designed for Continuous Worker Occupancy

 Limited Openings for Entry/Exit

• Openings as small as 18 inches in diameter.

• Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life-saving equipment.
• Difficult to remove downed worker in folded up or bent over position.
• Exit from large openings may be difficult due to presence of ladders,
hoists, etc.
 Unfavorable Natural Ventilation

• Lack of air movement in and out of the space can create an

atmosphere much different than the outside atmosphere.
• Deadly gases can be trapped inside.
• Organic materials can decompose.
• May not be enough oxygen due to presence of other gases or chemical
reactions such as rusting.
Not Designed for Continuous Worker
Occupancy
• Most confined spaces are not designed to enter and work in on a
regular basis.
• Designed to store a product.
• Enclose materials or processes.
• Transport products or substances.
• Occasional worker entry for inspection, repair, cleanup, maintenance,
etc.
 Hazards of Confined Spaces

• Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres

• Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
• Flammable Atmospheres
• Toxic Atmospheres
• Temperature Extremes
• Engulfment Hazards
• Noise, Slick/Wet Surfaces, Falling Objects
 Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres

19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.

15 - 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously.
Impair coordination. Early symptoms.
12-14% Respiration increases. Poor judgment.
10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue.
8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea
Unconsciousness. Vomiting.
6-8% 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal
4-5 minutes - possible recovery.
4-6% Coma in 40 seconds. Death
Permit-Required
Confined Space
 Permit-Required Confined Space is confined space that has one or more of
following characteristics:
 Contains or has potential to contain hazardous atmosphere
 Contains material that has potential for engulfing entrant

 Has internal configuration such that entrant could be trapped or

asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by floor which slopes
downward & tapers to smaller cross-section
 Contains any other serious safety or health hazard
SPACE LARGE ENOUGH TO ENTER AND; NO NOT A
LIMITED OR RESTRICTED ENTRY OR EXIT; CONFINED
NOT DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS OCCUPANCY SPACE

YES
CONFINED SPACE

PERMIT HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE NON

OR
REQUIRED PERMIT
ENGULFMENT HAZARD
OR
CONFINED YES NO CONFINED
CONFIGURATION HAZARD?

SPACE SPACE
ANY OTHER RECOGNIZED
SERIOUS HAZARD
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
 Air Testing Monitor
 Full Body Harness
 Communication
Equipment
 Protective Eyewear
 Protective Helmet
 Protective Boots
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

 Entry into Permit

Required Spaces takes
teamwork!
 Supervisor, Entrant and
Attendant depend on
each other.
ENTRY DUTIES
SUPERVISOR
 Know space hazards & consequences
 Verify emergency plans, test procedures,
and proper equipment
 Terminate/cancel permits (upon
completion or change
 Remove unauthorized personnel
 Ensure operation remains consistent with
entry permit and conditions
ENTRY DUTIES
AUTHORIZED ENTRANT
 Know space hazards and consequences
 Use appropriate PPE
 Maintain communication with attendant
 Exit ASAP on order or when hazard is
observed
 Alert attendant when prohibited condition
exists or symptoms of exposure
 ENTRY DUTIES
ATTENDANT
 Perform no other duties that interfere
Know existing & potential hazards
 Summon rescue & emergency service
 Keep unauthorized personnel out
 Order evacuation as necessary
 Maintain communication
 Remain outside space
WRITTEN PERMITS
 Valid for a specified amount of time
 Lists equipment for safe entry
 Lists atmospheric testing results
 Specifies rescue team provisions
 Signed by the site supervisor
 Identifies by name:
 The supervisor
 Attendant
 Entrant