Thermodynamics 1

Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Internal Energy, Heat,

Work, Flow Work, Enthalpy, General Energy Equation
 The law of conservation of mass states that
mass is indestructible.

The quantity of fluid passing through a given section

is given by the formula:

𝑉ሶ = 𝐴𝑣

Mass in = Mass out

 𝑉ሶ = 𝐴𝑣
𝑉ሶ 𝐴𝑣
𝑚ሶ = = = 𝐴𝑣𝜌
v v
𝑉ሶ = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑚ሶ = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑣 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
v = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
 Applying the law of conservation of mass:

𝐴1 𝑣1 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝑚ሶ = =
v1 𝑣2

𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2
Mass in = Mass out
Sample Problem 1
1. Two gaseous streams enter a combining tube and leave as a single
mixture. These data apply at the entrance section:
For one gas: A1 = 75 in2, 𝒗𝟏 = 500 fps, v1 = 10 ft3/lb
For the other gas: A2 = 50 in2, 𝒎𝟐 = 16.67 lb/s, 𝝆2 = 0.12 lb/ft3
At the exit : 𝒗3 = 350 fps, v3 = 7 ft3/lb
Determine: a.) The speed 𝒗2 (ft/s) at section 2, b.) The flow (lb/s) and
area (ft2)at the exit section.
answer:
a.) 400 ft/s
b.)42.7117 lb/s, 0.8542 ft2
Sample Problem 2
2. A 10-ft diameter by 15-ft height vertical tank is receiving water
(𝜌1= 62.1 lb/ft3) at the rate of 300 gpm and is discharging through a 6-in
ID line with a constant speed of 5 fps. At a given instant, the tank is half
full. Find the water level and the mass change in the tank 15 mins later.

answer:
Water level after 15 mins= 3.91 ft
Mass change = 17,511 lb (decrease)
 Thermodynamics 1

Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Internal Energy, Heat,

Work, Flow Work, Enthalpy, General Energy Equation
 Gravitational Potential Energy (P) of a body is
its energy due to its position or elevation

𝐦𝐠𝐳
P = Fg z =
𝐤
z
𝐦𝐠
∆P = P2 – P1 = (z2 – z1)
𝐤
Fg
∆P = change in potential Datum Plane
energy
 Kinetic Energy (K) is the energy or stored
capacity for performing work possessed by a moving
body in the virtue of its momentum.

𝐦𝐯𝟐
m v K=
𝟐𝐤
𝐦
∆K = K2 – K1 = (v22 – v12)
𝟐𝐤
∆K = change in kinetic energy
 Internal Energy (U, u) is energy stored within a
body or substance by virtue of the activity and
configuration of its molecules and of the vibration of
the atoms within the molecules

u = specific internal energy (unit mass) ∆u = u2 – u1

U = mu = total internal energy (m mass) ∆U = U2 – U1
Work (W)
• A product of the displacement of the body and
the component of the force in the direction of the
displacement.
• An energy in transition; that is, it exists only when a
force is “moving through a distance”
Work of a Nonflow System
The work done as the piston moves
from e to f is dW = Fxdx = (pA)dL = pdV
which is the area under the curve e-f on the
pV plane. Therefore, the total work done as
𝟐
the piston moves from 1 to 2 is W = ‫𝑽𝒅𝒑 𝟏׬‬
which is the area under the curve 1-e-f-2.
The area under the curve of the
process on the pV plane represents the work
done during a non-flow reversible process.
• Work done by the system is positive
(outflow of energy)
• Work done on the system is negative
(inflow of energy)
Work of Expansion
Flow Work (Wf)
Flow Work or flow energy is work done in pushing a fluid across a
boundary, usually into or out of a system.

Wf = FL = pAL

Wf = pV

∆Wf = Wf2 – Wf1 = p2V2 – p1V1

∆Wf = change in flow work

Flow Work
Heat (Q)
• An energy in transit (on the move) from one body or system
to another solely because of a temperature difference
between the bodies or systems.

Q is positive when heat is added to the body or system.

Q is negative when the heat is rejected by the body or system.

Classification of Systems
• A closed system is one in which mass does not cross its boundaries.

• An open system is one in which mass crosses its boundaries.

Conservation of Energy
• The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is neither
created nor destroyed.

• The First Law of Thermodynamics states that one form of energy

may be converted into another.
Characteristics of steady flow system:
1. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of mass within the system.
2. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of energy within the system.
3. The state of the working substance at any point in the system remain
constant.

Energy Diagram of a Steady Flow System

Energy Entering System = Energy Leaving System
P1 + K1 + Wf1 + U1 + Q = P2 + K2 + Wf2 + U2 + W
Q = ∆P + ∆K + ∆Wf + ∆U + W
(Steady Flow Energy Equation)
Enthalpy (H, h)
A composite property applicable to all fluids and is defined by:

h = u + pv and H = mh = U + pV
The steady flow energy equation becomes:
P 1 + K 1 + H 1 + Q = P2 + K 2 + H 2 + W

Q = ∆P + ∆K + ∆Wf + ∆U + W
Sample Problem 1
1. During a steady flow process, the pressure of the working substance
drops from 200 to 20 psia, the speed increases from 200 to 1000 fps,
the internal energy of the open system decreases 25 BTU/lb, and the
specific volume increases from 1 to 8 ft3/lb. No heat is transferred.
Determine the work per lb. Is it done on or by the substance?
Determine the work in hp for 10 lb per min. (1 hp = 42.4 Btu/min)
Given:

p1 = 200 psia p2 = 20 psia

ʋ1 = 200 fps ʋ2 = 1000 fps

v1 = 1 ft3/lb v2 = 8 ft3/lb

∆u = -25 Btu/lb Q=0

Sample Problem 1
Solution
P1 + K1 + Wf1 + U1 + Q = P2 + K2 + Wf2 + U2 + W
Basis 1 lbm
𝐟𝐭
ʋ𝟏𝟐 (𝟐𝟎𝟎 )𝟐 𝐁𝐭𝐮
K1 = 𝟐𝐤
= 𝐬
𝐥𝐛𝐦 𝐟𝐭 𝐟𝐭 𝐥𝐛𝐟 = 0.80 𝐥𝐛
𝟐 𝟑𝟐.𝟏𝟕𝟒 (𝟕𝟕𝟖 ) 𝐦
𝐥𝐛𝐟 𝐬𝟐 𝐁𝐭𝐮

ʋ𝟐𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝟐 𝐁𝐭𝐮

K2 = 𝟐𝐤
=
𝟐 𝟑𝟐.𝟏𝟕𝟒 (𝟕𝟕𝟖)
= 19.91 𝐥𝐛
𝐦

𝐥𝐛 𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐟𝐭 𝟐
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟐 (𝟏𝐥𝐛 ) 𝐁𝐭𝐮
Wf1 = p1v1 = 𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐭
𝐟𝐭 𝐥𝐛𝐟
𝐦
= 37.02
𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐁𝐭𝐮 𝐥𝐛𝐦

𝟐𝟎 (𝟏𝟒𝟒)(𝟖) 𝐁𝐭𝐮
Wf2 = p2v2 = 𝟕𝟕𝟖
= 29.61 𝐥𝐛
𝐦

K1 + Wf1 = K2 + Wf2 + ∆U + W
0.8 + 37.02 = 19.97 + 29.61 – 25 + W
𝐁𝐭𝐮 𝐥𝐛
𝐁𝐭𝐮 𝟏𝟑.𝟐𝟒 𝐥𝐛 (𝟏𝟎𝐦𝐢𝐧)
W = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 𝐥𝐛𝐦
𝐛𝐲 = 𝐦
𝐁𝐭𝐮 = 3.12hp
𝟒𝟐.𝟒 𝐦𝐢𝐧)(𝐡𝐩
Sample Problem 2
2. Steam is supplied to a fully loaded 100-hp turbine at 200 psia with
u1 = 1163.3 Btu/lb, v1 = 2.65 ft3/lb and ʋ1 = 400 fps. Exhaust is at
1 psia with u2 = 925 BTU/lb, v2 = 294 ft3/lb and ʋ2 = 1100 fps.
The heat loss from the steam in the turbine is 10 Btu/lb.
Neglect potential energy change and determine (a) the work per
lb steam and (b) the steam flow rate in lb/h
Given: p1 = 200 psia
u1 = 1163.3 Btu/lb
v1 = 2.65 ft3/lb
ʋ1 = 400 fps
p2 = 1 psia
u2 = 925 Btu/lb
v2 = 294 ft3/lb
ʋ2 = 1100 fps
Q = -10 Btu/lb
Sample Problem 2
Solution
P1 + K1 + Wf1 + U1 + Q = P2 + K2 + Wf2 + U2 + W
a) Basis 1 lbm2
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟐 𝐁𝐭𝐮
K1 = ʋ1 2/2k = 𝟐 𝟑𝟐.𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝟕𝟕𝟖
= 3.20 𝐥𝐛𝐦

(𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎)𝟐 𝐁𝐭𝐮
K2 = ʋ22 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟐.𝟏𝟕𝟒 (𝟕𝟕𝟖)
= 24.17𝐥𝐛𝐦
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟐.𝟔𝟓 𝐁𝐭𝐮
Wf1 = p1v1 = = 98.1
𝟕𝟕𝟖 𝐥𝐛𝐦
𝟏 𝟏𝟒𝟒 (𝟐𝟗𝟒) 𝐁𝐭𝐮
Wf2 = p2v2 = 𝟕𝟕𝟖
= 54.24 𝐥𝐛𝐦
K1 + Wf1 + u1 + Q = K2 + Wf2 + u2 + W
3.20 + 98.10 + 1163.3 + (-10) = 24.17 + 54.42 + 925 + W
W = 251 Btu/lbm
𝐁𝐓𝐔
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐡𝐩 (𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝐡 (𝐡𝐩)
b) Steam flow = 𝐁𝐓𝐔 = 1014 lbm/h
𝟐𝟓𝟏 𝐥𝐛
𝐦
Sample Problem 3
3. An air compressor (an open system) receives 272 kg per min of air
at 99.29 kPa and a specific volume of 0.026 m3/kg. The air flows
steady through the compressor and is discharged at 689.5 kPa and
0.0051 m3/kg. The initial energy of the air is 1594 J/kg; at discharge,
the internal energy is 6241 J/kg. The cooling water circulated
around the cylinder carries away 4383 J/kg of air. The change in
kinetic energy is 896 J/kg increase. Compute the work.
Given: p1 = 99.29 kPa
v1 = 0.026 m3/kg
u1 = 1594 J/kg
p2 = 689.5 kPa
v2 = 0.0051 m3/kg
u2 = 6241 J/kg
∆K = 896 J/kg
Q = -4383 J/kg
ṁ = 272 kg/min
Sample Problem 3
Solution
P1 + K1 + Wf1 + U1 + Q = P2 + K2 + Wf2 + U2 + W

Basis 1 kgm

Wf1 = p1 v1 = (99.29 KN/m2) (0.026 m3/kg) = 2.583 kJ/kg

Wf2 = p2 v2 = (689.5 kN/m2) (0.0051 m3/kg) = 3.516 kJ/kg

Wf1 + u1 + Q = ∆K + Wf2 + u2 + W

2.582 + 1.594 – 4.383 = 0.896 + 3.516 + 6.241 + W

W = -10.86 kJ/kg

W = (-10.86 kJ/kg) (272 kg/min)

W = -2954 kJ/min
Sample Problem 4
4. A centrifugal pump operating under steady flow condition delivers
2,270 kg/min of water from an initial pressure of 82,740 kPa to a final
pressure of 275,800 Pa. The diameter of the inlet pipe to the pump is
15.24cm and the diameter of the discharge pipe is 10.16 cm.
What is the work?
Given:

m = 2270 kg/min

ρ = 1000 kg/m3

p1 = 82,740 Pa

p2 = 275,800 Pa

d1 = 0.15 24 m

d2 = 0.1016m
Sample Problem 4
Basis 1 kgm
Solution
𝐦 𝟐
Area at entrance: 𝟐.𝟎𝟕𝟒 𝐍. 𝐦
𝛑 K1 = ʋ12 = 𝐬
𝐤𝐠𝐦.𝐦 = 2.151
A1 = (. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟒)𝟐 = 0.01824 m2 𝟐 (𝟏
𝐍.𝐬 𝟐
) 𝐤𝐠𝐦
𝟒
Area at exit: K2 = ʋ2 / 2k =
2 𝟒.𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝟐
= 10.89
𝐍. 𝐦
𝛑 𝟐 (𝟏) 𝐤𝐠𝐦
A2 = (𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟔)𝟐 = 0.008107 m2
𝟒 Wf1 = p1 v1 = p1 / ƿ1
Speed at entrance:
𝐍
𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝐤𝐠𝐦 𝟖𝟐,𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝟐 𝐍. 𝐦
m 𝐦 = 𝐦
= 82.74
ʋ1 = = 𝟔𝟎 𝐬
= 2.074 𝐤𝐠
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑 𝐤𝐠𝐦
p1 A1 𝐤𝐠𝐦
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑 (𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟒 𝐦𝟐 𝐬 𝐦
𝐦
Wf2 = p2 v2 = p2 / ƿ2
Speed at exit:
𝐍. 𝐦
m
𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝐦 = 275,800/1000 = 275.8
ʋ2 = = 𝟔𝟎
= 4.667 𝐤𝐠𝐦
p2 A2 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟕) 𝐬
K1 + Wf1 = K2 + Wf2 + W
2.151 + 82.74 = 10.89 + 275.8 + W
W = -201.8 N-m/kgm
= (-201.8 N-m/kgm) (2270 kg/min)
= -458.81 kJ/min
Sample Problem 5
5. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at
the following state: pressure 1200 kPa, temperature 1800 °C,
enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, speed 33.3 m/s and elevation 3m. The steam
leaves the turbine at the following state; pressure 20kPa, enthalpy
2512 kJ/kg, speed 100 m/s and elevation 0m. Heat is lost to the
surroundings at the rate of 0.29 kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow
through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power output of the
turbine in KW?
Given:

z1 = 3 m z2 = 0 m

h1 = 2785 kJ/kg h2 = 2512 kJ/kg

ʋ1 = 33.3 m/s ʋ2 = 100 m/s

Q = -0.29 kJ/s m = 0.42 kg/s

Sample Problem 5
Solution
Basis 1 kgm

(9.8066 kJ )(3m)
(g)(z1) kg P1 + K1 + h1 + Q = K2 + h2 + W
P1 = =
k 1kg∙m
N ∙s2 0.0294 + 0.5544 + 2785 + (-0.6905) = 5.00
kJ + 2512 + W
= 0.0294
kg

ʋ12 (33.3 ms )2 kJ W = 267.9 kJ/kg

K1 = = = 0.5544
2k (2)(1kg∙m ) kg
N ∙s 2 = (267.9 kJ/kg) (0.42 kg/s)
ʋ22 (100)2 kJ = 112.52 kW
K2 = = = 5.000
2k (2)(1) kg

0.29kJ
s = 0.6905 kJ
Q=-
0.42kg
s
kg
 Thermodynamics 1

Reference: Sta. Maria, H. B. (1990). Thermodynamics 1. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: National Book Store.

Presentation made by David Anthony C. Manalo & Gino Carlo O. Cadao