LESSON INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

1
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin,
and Freud contributed to the spark of scientific
revolution; and
2. Analyze how scientific revolutions is done in various parts
of the world like in Latin America, East Asia, Middle East,
and Africa
It includes ideas, theories, and all available
systematic explanations and observations
about the natural and physical world.
It encompasses a systematic and practical
study of the natural and physical world.
This process of study involves systematic
observation and experimentation
It is a subject or a discipline, a field of
study, or a body of knowledge that deals
with the process of learning about the
natural and physical world. This is what we
refer to as school science.
This explains that science is both
knowledge and activities done by human
beings to develop better understanding of
the world around them. It is means to
improve life and to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people’s lives.
 CREATIVITY SCIENTISTS SCIENCE IDEAS

SCIENCE
Passion to
CURIOSITY know DISCOVERIES

Passion to
CRITICAL THINKING discover
TECHNOLOGY
The Scientific Revolution
• In the 1500s and 1600s the
Scientific Revolution changed the
way Europeans looked at the world.
• People began to make
conclusions based on
experimentation and observation,
instead of merely accepting
traditional ideas.
The Philosophical Medieval View
Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the

Geocentric theory:
Earth was an unmoving object located at
the center of the universe- the sun and
planets moved around the Earth
Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had
placed Earth at the center of the universe.
Geocentric Theory
 The Scientific Revolution
And new philosophy calls all in doubt,
The element of fire is quite put out;
The sun is lost, and th’ earth, and no man’s wit
Can well direct him where to look for it
’Tis all in pieces, all coherence gone;

-John Donne,
“Anatomy of the World”
Aristotle (384BC – 322BC)
Greek philosopher

Developed geocentric model.

Philosophies had long-lasting effects

on philosophical theories.
Claudius Ptolemy
(85AD – 165AD)
Greek astronomer,
mathematician & geographer

Expanded Aristotle’s geocentric

theory.

Introduced trigonometry
methods.
 Before the Scientific Revolution
1. Science was called “natural
philosophy”
2. Science mixed with moral
philosophy, theology, numerology,
alchemy & magic
3. Ancient Greek sources highly trusted
4. Few experiments were performed
 What was the Scientific Revolution?

1. From 1542 to 1700

2. Development of new ways to study
universe
3. Old authorities no longer blindly
accepted
4. Application of mathematics to natural
world
5. Creation and spread of new ideas and
discoveries
 Causes of the Scientific Revolution
1. The voyages of discovery
and colonization
2. Ancient & Medieval works
translated into Latin, then
vernacular languages
3. New inventions &
institutions that promoted
sharing of knowledge
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
English politician & writer with an interest in
science.

Criticized ancient philosophers on how they

arrived at conclusions.

Urged scientists to experiment in order to

arrive at conclusions

Developed Scientific Method

William Harvey (1578-1657)
Published On the Motion of
the Heart and Blood in
Animals (1628)

Showed heart acted as a

pump to circulate blood
throughout body
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
First to dissect human bodies (even
though a disapproved practice)

Wrote On the Fabric of the Human

Body (1543)

His published observations included

detailed drawings of human organs,
bones & muscle.
Heliocentric Model
Earth is not center of the universe

Earth is just another planet

Earth revolves around the Sun

Night and day caused by Earth’s

rotation
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Sun-centered universe –
heliocentric theory
Earth is no different than any other
planet
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres (1543)
http://www.npr.org/2011/11/08/141931239/for-copernicus-a-perfect-heaven-
put-sun-at-center
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Uses experiments & observations

Planetary movement is a mathematical

formula

Planets move around the Sun in

elliptical orbits NOT circles

Confirms Copernicus ideas

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
GALILEO – designs 1st telescope w/lens & sees movement of
stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets)

Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving & earth is

central  they are furious w/Galileo!

Galileo accused of heresy (crimes against Church)  1633

brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his
statements
 Galileo Galilei (1564 — 1642)
Gathered observational data that
supported the Heliocentric Model

Wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two

Chief World Systems (1632)
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
French scientist &
mathematician.
Developed analytical geometry
(links both algebra & geometry)
Developments provided new
tools for scientific research.