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Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
10/2007
Zae Kim, MD
Acute Interstitial nephritis
http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v60/n2/fig_tab/4492487t2.html#figure-title
Noninvasive diagnostic procedure:
Gallium scan – highly sensitive?
• Gallium67 scintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute
renal disease. Linton et al, Clin Nephrol. 1985 Aug;24(2):84-7.
– N = 44 patients with various biopsy proven renal disease
• AIN = 11 patients
• Two blinded observers
– Result
• All 11 AIN (100%)
• 5/33 (15%) of other renal disease had (+) uptake
– Glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis
Noninvasive diagnostic procedure:
Gallium scan – not highly sensitive?
• N = 16 with AIN
– (+) gallium scan in 11/16 (68%)
– Koselj, M, Kveder, R, Bren, AF, Rott, T: Acute renal failure in patients
with drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Ren Fail 1993 15:69–72
• N = 12 with AIN
– (+) gallium scan in 7/12 (58%)
– Graham, GD, Lundy, MM, Moreno, JJ: Failure of 67gallium scintigraphy
to identify reliably non-infectious interstitial nephritis. J Nucl Med 1983
24:568–570
Lab: biopsy
• At the end of
follow up
– Only 68% had
sCr <1.7
– Only 40% had
sCr <1.2
49% w
crt < 1.2
– Conflicting result
Prognostic factor
http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v60/n2/fig_tab/4492487f1.html#figure-title
Involvement of Drug-Specific T cells in Acute Drug-
Induced Interstitial Nephritis
Spanou et al, JASN, 17: 2919, 2006
Involvement of Drug-Specific T cells in Acute Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis Spanou et al, JASN, 17: 2919, 2006
• Lymphocyte Transformation Test (LTT) used to
analyze drug-specific proliferation of patients
PBMC
– Relies on observation that T cells divide and expand
after encountering the antigen
– Measures H-thymidine uptake of dividing cells
Involvement of Drug-Specific T cells in Acute Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis Spanou et al, JASN, 17: 2919, 2006
Lymphocyte Transformation Test…
Drug-specific proliferation of patients PBMC
Pt 1. Pt 2 Pt 3
Positive proliferative PBMC proliferative PBMC proliferative
response of PBMC to response to penicillin G response to disulfiram
flucloxacillin
#Even though there were multi drug exposure, each patient elicited
proliferative response to only one drug
Involvement of Drug-Specific T cells in Acute Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis Spanou et al, JASN, 17: 2919, 2006
T cell receptor Vb expression in a drug-specific T cell line by flow
cytometry
• PBMC of pt 1 was
incubated with
flucloxacillin and
IL-2
• CD3+ T cells
bearing Vb9 and
Vb21.3 were
enriched
• Suggesting an
oligoclonal T cell
expansion
TCR-Vb staining in kidney biopsy specimens
- to determine whether the drug-specific T cells from PBMC might be present in the kidney
• Implications…
– In vitro proliferation assays might be helpful to identify
the drug that is responsible for the hypersensitivity
reaction
• Particularly in patients with more than one medication
exposure
– It’s likley that the T cell infiltration into the kidney is
due to drug-specific T cells, which then might
coordinate the local inflammatory reaction
Treatment
• N = 27 biopsy-proven AIN
– 17 patients
• renal function improved after withdrawal of the drug
– 10 patients
• Further decline in renal function in the two weeks
following admission
• prednisone therapy was instituted
• All with improvement of renal function
– with six returning to normal
Acute interstitial nephritis: clinical features and
response to corticosteroid therapy
Clarkson et al, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2004 19(11):2778-2783