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Ch. 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity Notes
Ch. 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity Notes
Ch. 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity Notes
XB Y
XB XBXB XBY
Xb XBXb XbY
*HEMOPHILIA
*Hemophilia is a recessive sex-linked disorder.
People with hemophilia have a delayed clotting
of their blood.
*Hemophilia was passed through a lot of the
royal families
*Men died more frequently and at an early age
because of the absence of clotting factors
*20th century learned about the clotting factors
& now it is given to people with hemophilia.
*POLYGENIC TRAITS
*Polygenic traits are traits that are controlled by
multiple pairs of genes.
*EX: skin color, height, eye color, and fingerprint
patterns
*When looking at the frequency of polygenic traits the
results you see will be a bell shaped curve.
*ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
*Environment also has an effect on phenotypes.
*EX: you may inherit a gene that gives you
the tendency to have heart disease.
*Environment factors such as diet and
exercise can contribute to the occurrence
and seriousness of the disease.
*Other environmental factors that can affect
phenotype are:
*Sunlight
*Water
*Temperature
*Ch. 10.3 – CHROMOSOMES AND HUMAN HEREDITY
*KARYOTYPE STUDIES
*Karyotypes is a study used by scientists to study the whole
chromosomes using images of chromosomes stained during
metaphase (mitosis).
*Sister chromatids are arranged by looking at their length,
centromere location, and the banding.
*Arranged by decreasing size of the sister chromatids.
*22 autosome chromosomes are arranged first
*Sex chromosomes X’s & Y’s are placed last
*Information that karyotypes can give us are:
*Sex of the individual
*Different genetic disorders
* KARYOTYPE
*TELOMERES
*At the ends of each chromosomes are
protective caps called telomeres.
*Scientists believe that the telomeres
might be involved in both aging and
cancer
*NONDISJUNCTION
*Nondisjunction is when the sister chromatids fail to
separate.
*If nondisjunction occurs either during Anaphase I or
Anaphase II the gametes will not have the correct
number of chromosomes.
*Results: gametes either have an extra chromosome
or is missing a chromosome
*Trisomy is when you have a set of 3 chromosomes of
one kind.
*In humans, altering the # of chromosomes is
associated with serious human disorders or death.
* DOWN SYNDROME
* Down Syndrome occurs when there is an extra #21 chromosome
(trisomy 21)
* Characteristics for Down Syndrome include:
* Distinctive facial features
* Short stature
* Heart defects
* Mental disability
* Frequency of Down Syndrome increases with the age of the mother.
* SEX CHROMOSOME
* Nondisjunction with the sex chromosomes can result in the following
conditions:
* Turner’s syndrome = XO
* Klinefelter’s syndrome = XXY
* Death = OY
* Other abnormalities with the sex chromosomes include: XXX, XYY