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Welcome
To
My Presentation

2/8/2020 2
 PRESENTED BY

Md. Rakib Hossain

ID # 14207109

IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and

Technology

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A Study on Automotive Steering
System at TEMO

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 Contents
 Introduction  Power Steering Pump
 Objectives  Problem Findings and
 Company Overview Analysis
 Introduction to Steering  Limitations
System  Recommendations
 Steering System Parts  Conclusion
 Types of Steering
System

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 INTRODUCTION
 An automobile is made of hundreds of different parts. Which
are broadly categorized into six units, basic structure, power
unit, transmission system, auxiliaries, control and super
structure.
 It has different major systems under these six units.
Automotive steering system is the major system among all the
automotive systems. Steering systems is under the control unit.
 These system is very important and responsible for better ride
quality, vehicle stability and safety for the driver as well the
passenger. Failure of any of the component of these systems
may cause discomfort and even serious road accident.
 So to know about the function of each and every component of
these systems, their diagnosis, maintenance as well as their
servicing procedure is important for the engineers who deal
with Automobile.
 Automobile Systems

Automobile Components
Power Unite

Transmission System

Basic Structure

Controls Steering System

Auxiliaries

Superstructure 7
 Objective
The specific objectives of this study are following,

To study on steering mechanism.

To know about steering system types.

To observe the problem findings and solve

methods about automotive steering system.
 Limitations

During internship at TEMO Workshop (Mohakhali) there

were some limitations which are as follows:

 Due to limited time I couldn’t cover all as I expected.

 The company only service light passenger vehicles. So study on

others type vehicles was not possible.
 Company Overview

 In the year of 1976 Transport & Equipment Maintenance

Organization (TEMO) was established by the financial support
of UNICEF and under the control of Director General of
Health Services. It has situated at Mohakhali.

 TEMO took over the responsibilities of repair and

maintenance of revenue based type of vehicles under health
services (From revenue budget).

 TEMO was brought under the control of the Ministry of

Health & Family Welfare in year of 1980.
 Service Provided

 General Service
 Engine Over hauling
 Brake Service
 A/C system servicing
 Steering System Servicing
 Electrical system repairing
 Suspension system Servicing
 Lubrication system servicing
 Cooling System Servicing
 Engine / Mechanical System Servicing.
 Perfect denting with quality painting
 Cleaning Service
 Wheel Alignment, Tire Changing & Balancing
 STEERING SYSTEM

Steering system in automobiles is

the combination of steering wheel,
steering column, shaft, gear,
linkages and other components
used to control the vehicle motion.
The steering system converts the
rotation of the steering wheel into
a swiveling movement of the road
wheels.
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 Steering System Types

There basically two types of steering system,

1. Conventional or linkage steering system.
2. Rack and pinion steering system.

Conventional Steering System Rack and Pinion Steering System

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 Conventional Steering System

 It is called Mechanical
steering system

 Work manually

 Required greater steering

effort

 Idler arm, Pitman arm is

used as steering linkage.

 Is not used in modern car 15

 Different type of Conventional Steering
System Gear Box

Worm and Roller Worm and Sector Cam and Roller Cam and Peg

Cam and Turn lever Recirculation Ball Worm and Ball

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 Rack and Pinion Steering System

 Rack and Pinion gear is

used in gear box.

 Tie rod is used as steering

linkage.

 No Pitman or Idler arm.

 Used in modern car.

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 Rack and Pinion Linkage

Rack-and-pinion linkage connects the gear to the steering

knuckles. Rack-and-pinion linkage is simple, consisting of inner
and outer tie rods.

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 Manual Rack and Pinion Steering Gear
Mounting

 Rack housing is attached by rubber bushing and brackets to the

cross member with the nut and bolt. This cross member holds
the steering rack housing with the chassis.
 The rubber bushing is used because when the wheel faces
irregularities in road it may transmit the vibration to the steering
wheel. These rubber bushing absorbed the vibration and prevent
the vibration to transmit in steering wheel.
 Power Rack And Pinion Steering Gear
Mechanism
 Power rack and pinion steering gear is operated by the same
basic principle as used in manual rack and pinion steering gear
mechanism. But in power rack and pinion steering hydraulic
fluid pressure is used to reduce steering effort. Inside the rack
housing or in this case called chamber a piston is mounted
with the rack.
 Steering fluid from the steering fluid reservoir at engine
compartment pumped by power steering pump to the chamber
through control valve housing. Which (pump) is running by
engine with belt. Entering into the chamber this steering fluid
creates pressure on piston to move rack moves back on forth.
 Power Rack And Pinion Steering Gear
Mechanism (cont….)
 A fluid passing line from the steering fluid reservoir has gone
to power steering pump. One line from power steering has
gone to control valve housing. From the control valve housing
one line has gone to the chamber but one side of the piston of
the chamber. There is another fluid passing line on the other
side of the piston. This line has return to control valve housing
and from there though pump at last again meet at steering fluid
reservoir.
 Steering Fluid Cooling System

 There are two types of steering

fluid cooling mechanism. Either
The low pressure hose pipe
between power steering pump and
the reservoir connected with the
car radiator or the line has been
extended and kept behind the
radiator for cooling by the air
flowing.
STEERING SYSTEM PARTS

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 Steering wheel

 Steering wheel is the most common parts of steering system

that most of the people familiar with this. It has seen older
wheels are made of hard plastic, are large in diameter and thin.
But the modern steering wheel is padded.
 Most steering wheels have two or three spokes, or a larger
center section that connects the wheel portion to the hub. Some
shaft and steering wheel has master spline, which is larger than
the others. The master splines prevent the installation of wheel
in the wrong position. A large nut holds the hub to steering
shaft .
 Steering Wheel Attachments

Horn Switch
The horn switch, or horn pad,
is always mounted on the
steering wheel. When an
emergency occurs, the
driver’s hands are already on
the steering wheel, and little
movement is required to reach
and press the horn switch.

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 Steering Wheel Attachments(Cont…)

Windshield Wiper and Turn Signal

Switch
The two control lever on the steering column
that operate the high/low headlight beam, turn
signals, windshield wipers, and windshield
washer are mounted around the steering
column. It is variously called the combination
switch or multifunction switch. To operate
Windshield Wiper and Turn Signal Switch
must be on.

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 Steering Wheel Attachments(Cont…)

Air Bag

The airbag is one of the most important parts of vehicle safety

components. An airbag can deploy in about 55 milliseconds.

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 Airbag System Mechanism

 There are few crash sensors or impact sensor is given in the

strategic points of a vehicle. This sensor sends a electronic
signal to computer module by wire. Different types of sensor
measure different condition of vehicle.
 Some sensor measures the brake pressure, some sensor
measure the wheel speed, some sensor measures the seat
occupant status, some sensor measure the position of the other
vehicle.
 When a car suddenly decelerates or collides with the other
vehicle these sensors send signal to the SRS (Supplementary
Restrain System) computer module. This SRS computer
module analyzes the data and send signal to the air bag
deployment module.
 Airbag Diagnosing

Airbag are kept inside the

airbag deployment module.
So the only way to diagnose
whether there is any
problem in airbag module or
not by inspecting the
instrument panel.

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 Clock Spring

 A circular plastic device between

steering wheel and steering column is
called as clock spring. The reason need
to have clock spring is that the steering
wheel might have few button mounted
on it. These buttons might be for
volume control for fm radio, cruise
control, horn etc.
 Steering Column

 The steering column is the combination of the upper steering

shaft and support for the steering wheel mounting like airbag,
clock springs and other wiring etc. A steering shaft is installed
in the steering column jacket. Bearing are generally used to
hold the shaft in position.The upper steering shaft is supported
by two ball bearings.
 One is at the top of the steering column and another is at the
bottom of the steering column. These bearings allow the upper
shaft to turn with no resistance inside the steering column
jacket. After the bearing the steering column housing (column
jacket) mounted with steering lock housing over it. An ignition
cylinder is attached with the steering lock housing.
 Tilt Steering Column Mechanism

Before those car which are

installed with manual steering
column didn’t have tilted
mechanism. It was just firmly
mounted with underneath of
the dashboard with mounting
brackets

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Tilt Steering Column Mechanism(Cont..)

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 Telescopic Steering Column Mechanism

Each car’s steering column is designed in telescopic

mechanism. As the there is a shaft inside the steering column
jacket called upper steering column shaft can collapse like a
telescope. This mechanism is used because if the car collide
with any obstacle steering column with steering wheel may hit
the driver can cause serious injury even death.

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 Steering Shaft

 Steering shaft is made of combination of a solid steel bar

inside a hollow steel bar called sleeve. The solid steel bar is
locked inside the sleeve by shear pin. Shear pins are made of
purposely weak material.
 As the shaft is made of solid steel bar even the steering column
is made of hollow metal tube if any car seriously collides with
any rigid obstacle with a great velocity steering wheel with the
column could strike on driver face or chest.
 In modern car the steering shaft doesn’t have shear pins
though the shaft can collapse. In this type of shaft needs a
specific amount of force require to collapse and it’s very hard
but possible to collapse with hand.
 Tilt and Telescoping Steering Column
Diagnosis
1. Measure the length of the column.
2. Measure the length of the steering column jacket if has
sheared plastic pin.
3. Inspect the condition of has mounting brackets with plastic
pin joint.

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 Steering Column Removal and Replacement

The following is a typical steering column removal and replacement

procedure:

 The negative battery cable was disconnected. If the vehicle is

equipped with an air bag, wait one minute.

 A seat cover was installed on the front seat.

 The cover under the steering column was removed and the lower
finish panel was removed.

 The retaining bolt or bolts in the lower universal joint was removed
POWER STEERING PUMP

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 Power Steering Pump

Power steering pump is the heart of the

hydraulic power steering system. It
delivers constant flow and pressure to
the control valve housing.

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 Power Steering Pump Design

 A hydraulic power steering pump is mounted at the lower part

of the vehicle engine with mounting brackets and two bolts. It
has a pulley pressed into pump shaft with a nut.
 Every hydraulic power steering pump has one inlet orifice and
one outlet orifice. A steering fluid reservoir is connected with
the inlet orifice of pump with low pressure return hose pipe.
The outlet orifice of pump is connected with control valve or
pinion housing by a high pressure hose pipe.
 There are two big O ring oil seal fitted between cam ring with
channel plate and housing support inside each front and rare
housing. These O ring seal prevent the oil seeping from both
front and rare housing through the cage.
Power Steering Pump Design

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 Power Steering Pump Flow Control Valve

 Power steering pump flow control valve is located at the out

let fitting of the pump. During the engine is running at idling
RPM the steering needs greater assistance.
 At this time pressurized fluid from the cam ring enter into
pressure bore inside which the control valve is staying. Flow
control fitting and spool valve is press against each other
before the pump spin as the spring inside the spool valve
pushing the spool valve against the flow control fitting .Fluid
create pressure inside the bore and pushes the spool valve
against the spring.
 Power Steering Pump Flow Control Valve
(cont….)
 When engine are running at higher rpm less amount of
assistance is required to steer. The pressure of fluid inside the
pressure bore is higher than before. The high pressure pushes
the spool valve more than before which causes to free the
relief passage. The relief passage opens up the pressure bore to
the intake port allowing un-needed flow to be directed back
into the pump.
 Pump reaches its maximum efficiency between 1500 RPM and
2000 RPM. If there is extreme friction between the tires and
the ground, or the gear is against its stops, this creates a lot of
flow resistance, and therefore pressure. The yellow arrows in
Figure represent the pressure that is caused by flow resistance
in the gear.
Power Steering Pump Flow Control Valve

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 Power Steering Pump Drive Belt

 Many power steering pumps are driven by v-belt. The v-belt

has friction surface that drive the power steering pump. There
is one types of belt has ribbed groove is called serpentine v-
belt. The serpentine v-belt is much wider than conventional v-
belt. Most of serpentine v-belt belt have spring loaded
automatic belt tensioner that eliminate predict belt tension
adjustment. Some car covers all the pulleys of the engine with
single belt. That time the belt tensioner is used.
Power Steering Pump Drive Belt

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 Problem Statement: A dull sound was coming and it was puling
right side when the steering is turned right during cornering.

Solution: The tie rod fully or the ball joint of the control arm was
changed.
Problem Statement: Steering wheel was pulling left side when
steering wheel was turning left side.

Solution: The tie rod fully was changed.

Problem Statement: Sometimes vehicle go through a wandering
movement and makes unusual sound that means if the car is turn left
or right side it turn excessively at that side

Solution: Separating the cross member all the mounting like

brackets with bolt and nut should be tighten.
 Problem Statement: Sometimes it becomes very hard to moves
the steering wheel when the steering wheel is turned in a side

Solution: The steering fluid leakage happened due to damage hose

pipe then it was changed.
Problem Statement: Excessive play in the steering wheel can also
point to a worn or faulty steering system

Analysis: If after truing the steering wheel more than an inch before
the wheels begin to turn, then it is certain there is a problem with the
steering system. Actually this problem happens due to worn steering
shaft. It causes excessive play in steering wheel.

Solution: The worn steering shaft was changed.

Problem Statement: Sometimes during running a vehicle steering
wheel vibrate excessively

Solution: This steering coupler generally situated just behind firewall

of the car. It is located just between upper steering shaft and lower
steering shaft. So first we have disconnect the lower steering shaft
from the upper steering shaft and change the steering coupler.
 Recommendations

 TEMO needs to improve in the accommodation, food, and

transportation system for the employees.

 They can give training their technician to the update

knowledge of new technology.

 They should suggest customer so that they do not use low

quality brake fluid which causes low response for hydraulic
system and causes accident.
 Conclusion

To sum up, I want to say that after completing my internship

period at TRANSPORT & EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
ORGANIZATION (TEMO), I have learned the practical
experience about several systems of automotive vehicles and
how vehicles are running. This internship provides me hands-
on experience about light vehicles. Here, I got a chance to
compare my theoretical knowledge with practical facts to
develop my skills as well as improve knowledge about
automobile. Now I am able to find out the problems of the
vehicles and give proper solution. What I learned during the
practicum helps me to understand the technical operation of
various mechanical systems. Now I am determined to do better
in future in this sector.
 Any Question?

2/8/2020 63
 Thank you.

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