A Presentation on

Topics
 Wood
 Wood Charcoal
 Peat
 Coals’ Origin
 Composition
 Characteristics
 significance of its constituents
 Wood
 A domestic fuel
 Used in tropical countries
 Basically cellulose &
lignin
 Features of Wood
 Easy ignition
 Low ASH content (<1%)
 Burns with long non-smoky flame
 Low calorific value (4000-5000)
------Because of high O2 content(45%)
 Produce Wood Charcoal & Producer Gas
 Charcoal

A bit Superior fuel than Wood

Found from wood carbonisation
 Carbonisation
Heating in absence of air

As a result: Moisture Removed

Volatile matters Reduces
 Produces CHARCOAL
 Byproducts are Wood gas,tar etc
Features of Charcoal
 High calorific value (7500-8000 kcal/kg)
 High specific surface area
 Poor mechanical strength
 Raw material for CS2
 Used for removing obnoxious and colouring
materials
 Peat
First stage of coal formation
from wood
or
Most immature coal

Originates from Vegetable matter

 Features of peat
 Friable
 Composition & property varies place to place
 Moderate calorific value
 Low furnace temperature & efficiency
 Used for fertilizer and power generation
Coal
 Coal
 Combustible black or brownish black sedimentary rock
 Occurs in the earth’s crust
 Formed by partial decay of plant materials
 A runtime of several million years
 Driven by bacteria,temperature and pressure
Origin & Formation of coal
 Burial
 Pressure
 Heat
 Time
Bacterial
decay
Formation of coal

In situ theory
Geological
aspects
Drift theory
 Formation of coal
Peat Lignite Brown-coal Sub-Bituminus Bituminus

Semi-anthracite

Anthracite

Graphite
 Rank of coal

Peat Lignite Bituminus Anthracite

Moisture content decreases
Volatile matter decreases
Carbon content increases
Calorific value increases
Hardness increases
 Peat
 Starting point of coal formation
 High moisture content
 Carbon : 60-64%
 Oxygen : 35-30%
 Coparatively low CV
 Light brown colour
 Lignite
 Second stage of coal formation
 Moisture up to 60%
 Carbon : 60-75%
 Oxygen : 30-20%
 Brown appearance
 CV of 5000 kcal/kg
 Sub-Bituminus
 Low moisture content
 Carbon : 70-80%
 Oxygen : 10-20%
 Black and Smooth
 CV of 7000 kcal/kg
 No caking power
 Bituminus
 Low moisture content (<10%)
 Carbon : 75-90%
 Oxygen : 5-10%
 Black and Brittle
 CV of 9000 kcak/kg
 Semi anthracite
 Harder than bituminous coal
 Carbon : 90-93%
 Oxygen : 1-4%
 Also known as Steam coal
 CV of 8600 kcal/kg
 Anthracite
 Highest rank of coal
 Very low moisture content
 Carbon : 93+%
 Oxygen : 1-2%
 Harder,glossy and black
 Zero caking power
 CV of 8000-8500 kcal/kg
 Graphite
 Technically the highest rank
 Difficult to ignite
 Not used as fuel
 Unusual Coals
Channel coal :

 Found Rarely
 High H2 content
 Does not fall in any category
 Unusual Coals
Torbanites :

 Also known as boghead coal

 Rich in parafin oil
 Does not fall in any category
 Analysis of Coal
 Proximate analysis
 Ultimate analysis
 Heating/Calorific value
 Proximate analysis

Parametes :
1. Moisture content
2. Volatile matter
3. Ash content
4. Fixed carbon
 Ultimate Analysis
Parameters : 1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
4. Sulphur
5. Nitrogens
6. Chlorine
 Mercury
 Effects of the componants
Moisture :
 Reduces Calorific value
 Increase coal consumption for heating purpose
 Lengthens time for heating
 Aids radiation heat transfer
 Effects of the componants
Volatile matter :
 Lowers ignition temperature
 Reduces calorific value
 Increase quantity of coke oven gas
 Sets minimum limit on furnace size
 Effects of the componants
Ash content :
 Reduces calorific value
 Reduces burning capacity
 Causes Clinkering an Slagging
 Effects of the componants
Fixed Carbon :
 Increases the Calorific value with constant
proportionality
 Effects of the componants
Hydrogen :

 Increases the Calorific value

 Effects of the componants
Oxygen :
 Reduces the Calorific value
 Reduces Caking power
 Effects of the componants
Nitrogen :

 Reduces the Calorific value

 Effects of the componants
Sulphur :
 Increases Calorific Value
 Creates corrosive environment
 Causes HOT-SHORTNESS
 Limits exit flue gas temperature
 Effects of the componants
Chlorine :

 Reduces fusion points of ash in coal

 Effects of the componants
Phosphorus :

 Creates COLD-SHOTNESS in steelmaking

 Uses of Coal

85% for electrical power generation.

15% for manufacturing as Coke.
 References
• Elements of Fuels, Furnaces & Refractories
-By O.P. Gupta
• http://f03.classes.colgate.edu/fsem037-
coal/Coal/Default/composition_of_coal.htm
• https://www.worldcoal.org/coal
• https://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm
• http://www.coaleducation.org/q&a/how_coal_formed.htm
Presented by :
Nabila Ali (1311035)
Shimul Chandra Das (1311034)
Mehedi Mehetab Shihab (1311029)