Pharm D.

Orientation
• A Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) is a
professional doctorate degree needed to
become a pharmacist.
• In some countries, it is a first professional
degree and a prerequisite for licensing to
practice the profession of pharmacy or to
become a clinical pharmacist.

• After obtaining a Pharm

D. degree and passing the proper
licensure examinations you can
practice pharmacy.
DEFINITIONS
• Pharmacy: is the science of drug making/deals with
their procurement (bring about), testing, storage and
conversion into suitable forms (tablets, capsules,
emulsions etc.).

• Pharmacist (druggist):
 The person who is licensed to prepare and
dispense drug.

"Pharmacist is
the drug expert"
 Definitions
• Prescription:
 The order of medication written by a physician,
dentist or other medical practitioner.

• Drugs: any substance used in the treatment of

disease or diagnosis is known as drug . Diagnosis is the
determination of nature of disease.
 Definitions
• Clinical:
 Clinical means dealing with patients

• Clinical pharmacy:
 Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy
which provide patient care that optimizes the
use of medication and promotes health, and
disease prevention.
“Providing pharmaceutical care for patients”.
 Definitions
• Hospital pharmacy:
 The practice of pharmacy in private or governmental
hospital dealing with in-patients or even out-patients.

• Community pharmacy:
 A community pharmacy is a pharmacy that deals
directly with people in the local area. It has
responsibilities including compounding, counselling,
checking and dispensing of prescription drugs to the
patients with care, accuracy, and legality.
 Retail pharmacy or First line pharmacy (Independent
or chain pharmacy)
Pharmacy Education

• Goal :
Provide students with
scientific fundamentals
and support attitudes to
adapt the pharmacists
careers to changes in
health care system
Pharmacy license requirement

 Bachelor of Pharmacy

or

 Doctor of Pharmacy degree

(PharmD).
Pharmacy College Departments

1 Clinical pharmacy
2 Microbiology
3 Pharmaceutical chemistry
4 Pharmaceutics
5 Analytical chemistry
6 Pharmacology
7 Biochemistry
8 Pharmacognosy
Pharmacy Education Fields

• Biomedical Science

• Pharmaceutical Science

• Behavioral, Social & Administrative

• Pharmacy practice

• Professional Experience
Biomedical Science

• Anatomy
• Physiology
• histology
• Pathology
• Microbiology
• Biochemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Analytical chemistry
• Botany
Pharmaceutical Sciences

• Medicinal Chemistry
• Pharmacognosy
• Pharmacology
• Toxicology
• Biopharmaceutics
• Pharmacokinetics
Behavioral, Social & Administrative Science

• Computer science
• terminology
• English
• Pharmacy orientation
• psychology
• Pharmacy Laws
• Biostatistics
• sociology
Pharmacy Practice

• Pharmaceutical Formulation
• Clinical pharmacy
• Therapeutic
• Drug interaction
• Drug information
 Pharmacists Roles and Responsibilities
• In community pharmacies, dispense prescription drugs to
individuals.
• Advise patients and physicians etc. on selection, dosages,
interactions, and side effects of medications.
• Monitor health and progress of patients to ensure safe and
effective use of medication.
• Compound or mix ingredients to form medications.
• Counsel patients on use of prescription and over-the-counter
medications.
• Advise patients on general health topics
• Provide information on products such as durable medical
equipment or home health care supplies.
• Complete third-party insurance forms and other paperwork.
• Hire and supervise other personnel.
• Oversee general operation of the pharmacy.
 Pharmacists Roles and Responsibilities

• Provide specialized services to help patients with

diabetes, asthma, smoking cessation, or high blood
pressure. May be trained to administer vaccinations.
• In health care facilities, dispense medications and
advise the medical staff on selection and effects of
drugs.
• Prepare sterile solutions to be administered
intravenously.
• Plan, monitor and evaluate drug programs or
regiments.
• Counsel hospitalized patients on use of drugs before
discharge.
Pharmacy career
• Pharmaceutical care involves applied ethics in
that it consists of the practical application of
moral standards to specific ends.

• Pharmaceutical care practitioners should not only

be clinically competent, but must also adhere to
the law and ethical standards.
• Pharmacists are the researchers, developers,
producers, people who are trusted to give advice on
drugs to all health professionals and persons who
market drugs in the whole world.

• As a general rule, clinical problems should be identified

and resolved first, followed by legal issues.
Background
• The pharmaceutical industry is the most heavily
regulated of all industries.

• The law, as well as the professional regulation body

and the public, will require reasons for professional
actions.

• Law and ethics are not static. This means that

students, and eventual practitioners, need to remain
alert throughout their professional life for changes
and amendments to each and to be aware of how
these will affect and impact on their chosen area of
practice.
What is Ethics?
Ethic is the systematic study of what is right and
good with respect to conduct and character.
 Patient care involves applied ethics in that it consists of the
practical application of moral standards to specific ends.
 In pharmaceutical care, utilization of pharmaceuticals should
depend on using the essential knowledge that should always
accompany such clinical intervention.
 Pharmaceutical care is dependent upon human interactions,
that include patients, family members, pharmaceutical care
practitioners, other clinicians, support personnel, managers,
and administrators.
 These individuals are likely to have different values, beliefs,
and preferences. Whenever two people with different value
systems interact, there is the potential for an ethical problem
to develop.
 Because ethical problems are common in practice it is
important that practitioners know how to identify
and resolve them when they arise.
 There are three issues— clinical, legal, and ethical —
which can be so closely associated. It will be helpful if
the three issues can be separated, when possible,
because a successful resolution to each issue is
arrived at slightly differently.
 Each situation requires different knowledge for its
recognition and a somewhat different process for its
resolution.
 As a general rule, clinical problems should be
identified and resolved first, followed by legal issues,
and if an ethical problem remains, it can then be
resolved effectively.
Issues of the law
Pharmacy law consists of rules, regulations, and actions
that are disseminated by governments and are binding
on its constituents.

Example Should a pharmacist, based on his/her clinical judgment

at the time of an emergency, provide a patient with a life-saving
drug not authorized by a physician's prescription, when technically
he/she is breaking the law, but is perhaps acting ethically?
 There are many laws that direct what practitioners may and
may not do with prescription drug products.
 In those relatively few situations where the law is not clear,
practitioners should always follow the professional and ethical
mandate to do no harm and when it is possible, to do good for
the patient.
Issues of the law
Example Is it ethical to intentionally dose a patient with
an amount of drug that is so small to has little or no
chance of successfully treating the medical problem? If
the pharmacist's clinical judgment is that the patient's
drug therapy problem is that the dosage is too low, then
it is legally necessary to obtain the consent of the
prescriber in order to increase the dose.

 Being an active moral agent can conflict with the law

and often does.
 Ethical analysis requires critical examination of
actions and their consequences and are not so easily
differentiated as appropriate and inappropriate.
Legislation
• Legislation sets out the rules or structure for what we
can do and what we are not allowed to do and outlines
the consequences of breaking the rules.
• Every pharmacist has a duty to practice lawfully and
the sanctions for failing to do so can be harsh.
• The consequences of breaking the rules of professional
practice can include criminal prosecution resulting in a
fine or, in more serious cases, imprisonment, as well as
removal of the right to continue to practice (removal
from the register).
• Pharmacists, are required to follow the requirements
of the Code of Ethics and other guidance and standards
set out by the professional regulator.
Thank you