REACTION, REVIEW, OR CRITIQUE PAPER

•A reaction, review, or critique paper

weighs, assesses, and judges both the
merits as well as the weaknesses of a
piece, may it be an article, a movie, or a
book.
 REACTION PAPER VS. CRITIQUE PAPER
REACTION PAPER
• The author of this paper discusses his
opinion and judgment on the piece he
watched or read.
• The author gives complete and fair
judgment about the piece by discussing the
strong and weak points of the piece.
• But, for the paper not to be merely
opinionated, he provides facts coming from
credible sources to make his stance strong.
CRITIQUE PAPER
• The author of this paper discusses his
opinion and judgment on the piece he
watched or read.
• The author gives complete and fair
judgment about the piece by discussing the
strong and weak points of the piece.
• But the author is utilizing an approach in
writing this paper instead of citing facts
and evidences from other sources.
WHAT IS A CRITIQUE PAPER?
•In academic setting, writing a critique paper is
objectively done after reviewing a masterpiece
to emphasize both the salient features and
inadequacies of the material.
•In doing so, the author utilizes an approach in
critiquing.
 WHAT ARE THE APPROACHES IN
WRITING A CRITIQUE PAPER?
• FORMALIST CRITICISM • SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
• BIOGRAPHICAL OR • MORAL OR PHILOSOPHICAL
HISTORICAL CRITICISM CRITICISM
• GENDER CRITICISM • MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
• PSYCHOLOGICAL
CRITICISM
FORMALIST CRITICISM
•It is an approach regards literature as “a unique
form of human knowledge that needs to be
examined on its own terms.”
•All the elements necessary for understanding the
work are contained within the work itself.
FORMALIST CRITICISM
•The elements of form like the style
style,
structure
structure, tone
tone, imagery
imagery, and the
like are the interests of the formalist
critique.
FORMALIST CRITICISM

• In other words, a formalist critic

primarily looks at the structural
purposes of the text without taking into
account any outside influence.
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF A FORMALIST CRITICISM
Mary had a little lamb is a metaphor of
Christianity. The little lamb in the nursery song
represents Jesus as the lamb of God, and Mary
symbolizes the mother of god.
In the song, the lamb’s fleece is described as
“white as snow” which represents the purity of the soul
of Jesus Christ. The presence of Jesus in the life of those
who follow Christianity is a metaphor from the line of
the song that says, “everywhere that Mary went, the
lamb was sure to go.”
BIOGRAPHICAL OR HISTORICAL CRITICISM

•It begins with the simple but central

insight that literature is written by actual
people and that understanding an
author’s life can help readers more
thoroughly comprehend the work.
BIOGRAPHICAL OR HISTORICAL CRITICISM
•This only means that the reader can better
understand the material when he is careful about
the biographical facts of the writer.
•The biographical critic explicates the literary
work by utilizing the insight derived from the
author’s background.
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF A BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM
Jane Austen's novel reflects many elements and experiences that Austen
herself experienced in her life. Published in 1813, pride and prejudice is a mixture
of Austen's imagination, commentary on society, and the 37 years of her life up to
that point. As seen in several biographies of Jane Austen's life, many connections
can be made between the novel and Austen's own life.
One significant event in Jane Austen's life reflects one in the novel, and
provides a glimpse into Austen's beliefs regarding a major theme in Pride and
Prejudice.

Jane Austen's life was not particularly eventful or long lasting, but its
impact on her classic literature is forever left in importance for shaping her novels
to be what they are. Austen’s family, life, and circumstances all served to
influence different aspects of pride and prejudice. In all, Austen's life served as
the starting point to fuel her creation.
GENDER CRITICISM

•It examines the gender roles

of the characters inside the
story.
GENDER CRITICISM

•Masculinist Approach
•Feminist Approach
GENDER CRITICISM
Masculinist Approach
•It is advocated by poet Robert Bly which
focuses on the desire to work with men’s
issues and yields to the political conviction
that feminism does not fit with the facts.
GENDER CRITICISM
Feminist Approach
•It attempts to correct the imbalance of sexes
by analyzing and combating the patriarchal
attitudes that have dominated bias against
women.
GENDER CRITICISM
•Gender criticism is an extension of feminist
literary criticism, focusing not just on
women but on the construction of gender
and sexuality, especially LGBTQ issues,
which gives rise to queer theory.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
•This is a form criticism in which the method, the
concept, or the form of the material is influenced by
psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud who expressed that
psychoanalytic theories changed our notions of human
behavior in which authors explore new or
controversial areas like wish fulfillment, sexuality, the
unconscious and repression.
SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
•It evaluates a literary piece in the cultural,
economic, and political context that explores the
linkage between the author and his society.
•The critic scrutinizes the author’s society to
grasp a better understanding about the
masterpiece.
SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
•Marxist criticism is an example of
sociological criticism that highlights on
the economic and political elements of
art focusing on the ideological content
of literature.
MORAL OR PHILOSOPHICAL CRITICISM

•It focuses on themes, views of the world,

morality, philosophies of the author and the like
for this approach establishes its purpose of
teaching morality and investigating
philosophical issues.
MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
•Itemphasizes “the recurrent universal patterns underlying
most literary works.”
•Combining the insights from anthropology, psychology,
history, and comparative religion, mythological criticism
“explores the artist’s common humanity by tracing how the
individual imagination uses myths and symbols common to
different cultures and epochs.”
 THE APPROACHES IN WRITING A
CRITIQUE PAPER
• FORMALIST CRITICISM • SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
• BIOGRAPHICAL OR • MORAL OR PHILOSOPHICAL
HISTORICAL CRITICISM CRITICISM
• GENDER CRITICISM • MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
• PSYCHOLOGICAL
CRITICISM
GUIDELINES IN WRITING A CRITIQUE PAPER
•Read to understand the literary piece or any text provided for
you to critique.
•Determine the author’s purpose of writing. Looking for the
thesis statement or the theme of the piece can help you identify
the motivation of the writer in the material.
•Analyze each segment or section very well. When needed, you
may write the summary in each segment.
GUIDELINES IN WRITING A CRITIQUE PAPER
•Decide which among the approaches in literary
criticism you will be using to critique the text. After
you have read the material, you focus on the specific
elements or features of the material that you want to
discuss.
•Compose your introduction, body and conclusion
sensibly.
GUIDELINES IN WRITING A CRITIQUE PAPER

•Your introduction may have the

author’s name, the book’s title, your
source and the thesis statement.
GUIDELINES IN WRITING A CRITIQUE PAPER
•In writing your body, you may discuss the strong
points and the weak points of the material in a
logical, clear manner.
•It bears your review of the material as well as your
evaluation.
•Using any of the literary approaches, explore the
elements you want to critique as a reader.
 THE APPROACHES IN WRITING A
CRITIQUE PAPER
• FORMALIST CRITICISM • SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
• BIOGRAPHICAL OR • MORAL OR PHILOSOPHICAL
HISTORICAL CRITICISM CRITICISM
• GENDER CRITICISM • MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
• PSYCHOLOGICAL
CRITICISM
GUIDELINES IN WRITING A CRITIQUE PAPER
•In your conclusion, provide a generic opinion about the
text. It may be about your approval or disapproval,
agreement or disagreement, by simply restating the stance
you have expressed in the body.
•Always remember that a paper composed with logical
arguments and in-depth analysis is a critique worth
reading.
ASSIGNMENT:

•Read the story titled “The

Great Gatsby” written by
F. Scott Fitzgerald
THE PRINCIPLES IN
WRITING A
CONCEPT PAPER
PREPARED BY: NEIL SALAMERO GUEVARRA
What is a CONCEPT?

Practically,
the ideas
we have in our minds
are called concepts.
 What is a CONCEPT PAPER?

 A concept paper is a
summary of a project or an
issue that depicts the
interests, experiences, and
expertise of the writer.
 CONCEPT PAPER

It provides an in-depth

analysis and discussion of
a topic that the writer has
a strong position on.
 CONCEPT PAPER

“Concept paper” and

“proposal” are interchangeably
used because both can be
utilized for the same purpose.
 How to Write Concept Paper?

Writing a concept paper has

no fixed format or style.
The guidelines in doing the
concept will depend on the
organization.
 How to Write Concept Paper?

How a writer defines the subject

matter is significant in writing a
concept paper.
He makes his ideas or concepts
clear by defining the limits and the
scope of the concept.
 How to Write Concept Paper?

Definition can be done in various ways. It

can be done by word origin or
etymology, by synonym or antonym, by
similarity, by metaphor, by contrast or by
negation.
However, writing a concept paper is
more than the definition of the concept.
 How to Write Concept Paper?
 There are various ways on how to develop your concept
paper.
 Aside from concretizing a concept by definition, you can also
do it by:
 Description
 Classification
 Comparison and Contrast
 Enumeration and Examples
 How to Write Concept Paper?

There is no specific
structure to follow in
writing a concept
paper.
 How to Write Concept Paper?

However, to systematize the

methodology in writing a concept
paper as a preliminary to thesis writing,
a writer must have at least a rationale,
a conceptual framework, and a
hypothesis to a study.
 RATIONALE

A rationale explains the purposes why you need

to undertake that thesis proposal.
 Here, you have to elaborate the reasons that
prompt you to prepare the concept paper.
 You have to express why such idea is significant
to you and what you should be able to
produce out of your intended study.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A conceptual framework is
basically your guide in working on
your idea.
It serves as your map in arriving at
your destination, which is your thesis
proposal.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT
I PROCESS
P OUTPUT
O

•THINGS
DATA YOU NEED
•EXPECTED
YOU NEED TO DO
RESULT/
TO •STEPS YOU
OUTCOME
GATHER NEED TO
UNDERTAKE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

One good way to

come up with a
conceptual framework
is to do mind mapping.
 MIND MAP

A mind map is just a list of words

associated to your idea that you
can use to connect in order to
make a clear definition and
discussion of an issue or idea.
 MIND MAP

It is your means of analyzing them

associating a thing to another thing
or an idea to another idea.
After you do your mind mapping, it
is when you will come up with your
conceptual framework.
 HYPOTHESIS

The hypothesis is the expected

output in the course of conducting
your study that you have derived
after having your conceptual
framework you prepared.
 ASSIGNMENT:
 Make a concept paper of your research.
 It must be composed of the following parts:
 Title
FORMAT:
 Rationale
• PAPER SIZE: LONG (8.5 X 13)
 Description • FS/FS: TIMES NEW ROMAN, 12
 Conceptual Framework • SPACING: 1.5
 Cost/Budget • PARAGRAPH: JUSTIFY
• MARGIN: 1’x1’x1’x1’
 Expected Outcomes
 WHAT IS A POSITION PAPER
•A position paper is an essay that expounds a
standpoint of an author about an issue.
•The main objective of a position paper is to
persuade the readers with opinions which are
valid and defensible.
 POSITION PAPER
•Writing a position paper is just like
participating in a debate in which one has to
present his stance of an arguable opinion
regarding an issue.
•The ideas that you have to consider should be
thoroughly examined.
 POSITION PAPER
•As a writer, it is your responsibility to take one side of
the argument and convince your readers that you have
well-founded knowledge on the issue being probed.
•Like a debate, it is necessary to support claims with
evidences to guarantee validity of your contentions.
•Similarly, refuting the counterclaims to show that you
are well-versed about both sides is important.
 WHAT IS AN ARGUMENT?
•An argument is a statement or series or
statements for or against something.
•In writing a position paper, an argument is
used to convince readers through logic and
sound reasoning over a problem or an issue.
 DEVELOPING AND SUPPORTING AN ARGUMENT
• After the writer decides on which specific stand he is agreeing or
disagreeing, he must provide evidences to support his claims. Below is the
list of types of evidences:
• Factual knowledge refers to the information that is valid and justifiable.
• Statistical inferences which are conclusions derived from gathered data.
• Informed opinion is based on knowledge of facts which are carefully
considered. It is drawn from evidences instead of limited personal
experience.
• Personal testimony is considered as firsthand experience of the writer.
 IN WRITING A POSITION PAPER, THE WRITER MUST:
•outline and organize his standpoint on the issue or problem;
•formally inform others of his position as a jumpstart to build
resolutions;
•provide well-defined, logical, and unique methodology or
approach in solving the problem;
•organize his discussion to define the framework of the
scheme;
 IN WRITING A POSITION PAPER, THE WRITER MUST:
•compose his credibility by illustrating a good command
of the issue and profound knowledge about it;
•exhibit passion in expressing his arguments rather than
in using his emotional term;
•be consistent in his position in the discussion; and
•credit his sources accurately.
 PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER
•The format of a position paper depends on the
guidelines set by an institution or by the
teacher.
•Below is a sample format of a position paper
that has the salient parts: the introduction, the
body, and the conclusion.
 PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER
I. Introduction
A. Introduction of the topic
B. Background of the topic
C. Thesis statement
 PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER

II. Body
A. The Counterclaim
B. The Argument
 PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER
II. Body
A. The counterclaim
Summary of the counterclaim
Supporting information for the counterclaim
Refuting of the counterclaim
Giving evidences for the argument
 PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER
II. Body
B. The argument
Assertion of Claim no. 1
a. Opinion
b. Support
Assertion of Claim no. 2
a. Opinion
b. Support
Assertion of Claim no. 3
a. Opinion
b. Support
 PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER
•Conclusion
•Restatement of Argument
•Plan of Action
 ASSIGNMENT:
•Write a Position Paper
about the bill FORMAT:
• PAPER SIZE: LONG (8.5 X 13)
“No Assignment Policy”. • FS/FS: TIMES NEW ROMAN, 12
• SPACING: 1.5
•Front Page • PARAGRAPH: JUSTIFY

•Outline • MARGIN: 1’x1’x1’x1’

• IN-TEXT CITATION
•Position Paper
PRINCIPLES IN
WRITING A
SURVEY/
FIELD REPORT
PREPARED BY: NEIL SALAMERO GUEVARRA
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
In school, especially when we do
our research, we either use
survey questionnaire or personal
interview to collect and gather
data from a huge number of
participants or respondents.
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
The participation of our respondents is
necessary, for without it, we may not
be able to collect information needed
to complete our research work.
The survey questionnaires used vary on
the degree in which they are
structured.
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Though other researchers prefer using
interviews because they can clarify
some questions, rephrase some items,
and get complete responses from the
respondents, many researchers still
prefer the use of questionnaires for
these reasons:
 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
1.The use of questionnaires is less expensive.
2.Less time is needed in administering the
survey questionnaire.
3.Survey questionnaires can be sent through
postal or electronic mail when it is needed.
4.Privacy and anonymity are likely to be
assured.
PRINCIPLES IN WRITING A GOOD SURVEY DESIGN

Here are the guiding

principles on how to write a
good survey questionnaire.
 1. FOCUS

Thisis the first principle what a researcher

should consider in writing his questionnaire.
You can only acquire the relevant and
helpful information in your survey if you know
what your objectives are in doing the survey.
Your objectives in doing the survey are the
bases of your questions. Every question you
create ties back to a specific objective.
 2. CONNECTION

The quality of information you will get from your

survey depends on how well you connect with
your respondents.
Understanding who will be taking your survey will
help you know more about them.
Communicating the objectives in your survey as
well as the benefits with your respondents is one
way of building connection with them.
 3. RESPECT
As a researcher, it is necessary that you show
respect for your respondents’ time.
Make it certain that you are not asking too much
from them.
Ask only relevant questions and avoid asking
information you already know.
Asking your respondents to do the survey
questionnaire at their most convenient time is a way
of respecting them.
 4. ACTION

The only reason why you are doing the survey is

you want to take some kind of action or make a
relevant decision after you do the survey.
The action might be to improve the facilities of
the school, change the services you offer,
enhance the quality of teaching, and the like. If
there is no need to take some significant action,
then there is no need to conduct a survey.
 5. ENGAGEMENT

This principle sums up the other four principles. If you

follow the first four principles, the result will be an
engaged respondent and that will mean better
response rates and better information.
Furthermore, you may offer to share the results with
your respondents and let them know what was done
with the information they have provided for you. This
will definitely make them more engaged and will be
more willing to do the next surveys.
HOW TO WRITE A GOOD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Several books have suggested tips

on how to write a good survey
questionnaire.
The ones discussed below are the
tips the author finds useful in writing
a good survey questionnaire.
1. Speak the Language of your Respondents

 When you prepare for your survey questionnaire,

you have to consider a simple language- a
language that is direct to the point.
 Draftquestions on the level of your prospective
respondents. Avoid grammatical messiness like
double negatives or avoid using high- falutin
terminologies, unfamiliar jargons or overly
technical concepts.
2. Keep it Simple

Asking one idea at a time is the key

of getting the right response. If you
will ask about many ideas in one
question, it becomes difficult for
your respondent to answer; hence,
making it also difficult for you to
interpret the responses.
3. Consider “Balance, not Bias” in
Drafting your Questions
In writing your survey questions,
you have to consider
“balance”.
Questions that lead to biased
responses violate the objectivity
of the survey.
 As a researcher, you must always remember
that the respondents’ answers will be
recorded, tabulated, interpreted and
analyzed in order for you to come up with a
definite course of action.
 In the construction of the questionnaire, you
have to consider different question structure
types.
 FIXED ALTERNATE QUESTION
 This gives choices or alternatives for the respondent to
choose.
Example:
1. What academic strand do you want to enroll in?
__________ABM
__________HUMSS
__________STEM
__________GAS
 FIXED ALTERNATE QUESTION
Example:
2. Rank the following programs according to your interest.
Use numbers 15, being 1 as the highest rank of interest.
________ Accountancy
________Business Administration
________Accounting Technology
________Marketing Management
________Others (please specify)
FIXED ALTERNATE QUESTION

Example:
3. What is the family’s combined monthly
income?
______ below 10,000Php
______ 11,000Php to 20,000Php
______ 21,000Php to 30,000Php
 FIXED ALTERNATE QUESTION
Example:
4. Usingthe description below, encircle the number
that corresponds your answer.
4- Always 2- Seldom
3- Sometimes 1-Never
I say my prayer before going to bed 4 3 2 1
I do “mano po” to my parents before I leave the
house and when I arrive in the house 4 3 2 1

I help the household chores 4 3 2 1

 OPEN-ENDED QUESTION

 This type of questioning provides the respondents

to freely answer the question.
Examples:
1. What do you like best about the school?
2. What do you like least about your instructors?
3. Are you satisfied with the school’s polices?
When you are finished drafting your
survey questions, you have to consult
your teacher or an expert to validate it
before floating your questionnaire.
After considering the comments and
suggestions of the expert, revise your
questions.
 When revision has been made, your survey
questionnaire must be tested to a small
number of respondents.

 Theproblems that the researcher and the

respondents encounter during the pilot testing
must be addressed before floating the survey
questionnaire to a bigger population.
Thank You
PREPARED BY:

NEIL S. GUEVARRA