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PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION

 STAKING-OUT THE
BUILDING
 - the process of
relocating the point of
boundaries and
property line of the site
where the building is
to be constructed.

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 PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION
 STAKING

 Stakes – are wooden sticks

used as posts sharpened at
one end driven into the
ground to serve as
boundaries or supports of the
batter boards.

 Strings – are either plastic

cords or galvanized wires
strung across batter boards
and used to indicate the
outline of the building wall
and foundation.
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 PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION
 Batter Boards –
wood sticks or
 BATTER BOARD LAYING
boards nailed
 BATTER BOARDS horizontally at the
• horizontal boards stake which serve as
• establishes height of the footing
trenches and foundations the horizontal plane
• establishes height of finish floor where the reference
levels
point of the
 LEVELING building
• done with a line level or measurements are
carpenter’s level, or with a transit
• height of the batter boards may established.
be level with or a little higher that (STREET LEVEL)
the top of the finished
foundation.

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 PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION
 STAKING

 1. Measure the required setback from

the front corner monuments. Drive
two stakes and stretch a string
between them to represent the front
building line.

 2. Measure the required side setback
from one of the side lot lines along
the front building line. Drive stake
A which will represent the first
corner of the building. From Stake A,
measure the width of the building
and mark with stake B to obtain the
other front corner.


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 PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION
 STAKING

 3. Estimate right angles from

stakes A and B and measure the
length of the building. In those
two points, drive two temporary
stakes C and D which will mark
the rear corners of the building.
C-D should be equal to A-B.

 4. Draw lines along the diagonals

A-D and B-C and ensure that
these are equal.

 5. Transfer the building lines to

batter boards.

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 PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION
 BATTERBOARD
LAYING

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 PREPARATION FOR CONSTRUCTION
 LEVELING

 Spirit Level – an instrument or tool

capable of vertical and horizontal
line check.

 Plumb Bob – a weight attached to a

string, used for vertical line check.

 Plastic Hose Filled With Water –

a method of leveling horizontally
batter boards without transit.

 3-4-5 Multiples With the Use of

Steel Tape Measure – a manual
method of squaring the corners of
building lines in staking.
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 REINFORCING
BARS

Similar with plain round bars in some ways, but better

in bonding with concrete. 9
9 -10mm dia.
12mm dia.
16mm dia.
18mm dia.
20mm dia.
25mm dia.
28mm dia.
32mm dia.

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 FOUNDATION
 FOUNDATION – portion of
the structural elements that
carry or support the
superstructure of the
building. It is also defined as
the substructure that is
usually placed below the
surface of the ground that
transmits the load of the
building to the underlying FOUNDATION BED
soil or rock.11
FOOTING

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 FOUNDATION
 FOUNDATION BED – the soil or rock directly beneath the
footing.
FOOTING – portion of the foundation of a structure that
directly transmits the column load to the underlying soil or
rock.
1. Wall Footing
2. Column Footing
• Isolated Footing – square block, square sloped, square
stepped
• Combined Footing
• Raft or Mat Footing
• Pile Footing
• Grillage Footing 12
 transverse bars-
Footing rebars.
1. Column Footing
• Isolated Footing –
square block,
square sloped, Combined
square stepped Footing
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• Pile Footing • Grillage Footing

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 FOUNDATION & STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
 Column Footing

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FOUNDATION & STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
WALL FOOTING (WF)

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 FOUNDATION & STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
 LIGHT REINFORCED CONCRETE
HOOK CONSTRUCTION
A bend or curve at the end of a tension bar to develop an equivalent
embedment length .

The usual/ideal reinforcement bar size for

ties and stirrups.= # 3 or 3/8” dia.

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 LIGHT REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
 STIFFENER COLUMNS /
BEAMS

 CHB partition walls are ideally

supported against lateral
movements vertically by
stiffener columns and
horizontally by stiffener
beams. A stiffener column is
located at the intersections of
CHB walls and at regular
intervals (of about 3 M) for a
long partition wall. Stiffener
columns are in the form of an
I, T or an L.

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 LIGHT REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
 LINTEL - a horizontal
structural member (such as a
beam) over an opening which
carries the weight of the wall
above it; usually of steel,
stone, or wood. In CHB
construction, a lintel is
constructed with lintel
blocks or U-blocks, which
have a single core with an
open end; usually placed with
its open end upright; such
blocks form a continuous
beam when filled with grout
and proper reinforcement.
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FOUNDATION & STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
 BEAM
 TIE BEAM (TB) / GRADE BEAM

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FOUNDATION & STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
SLAB
SLAB ON GRADE (SOG)

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 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Tied Column - A concrete column
COLUMN (C) reinforced with vertical bars and
individual lateral ties .

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 STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
• BEAM
• FLOOR BEAM (FB)

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BEAM
Simple beam ( or a simply supported beam)

Continuous beam

Cantilever beam

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STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
SLAB
ONE-WAY & TWO-WAY

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TRUSSES

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ELECTRICAL

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 Electrical Devices & Their Symbols
 Device Name Device Symbol Device Picture Comment

 Notation Possibly the most important symbol

that appears on any set of architectural
plans. This symbol represents that there
is a "note" with relevance to the device
or area.

 Switch

The style, possibly model numbers,and

 Switch - 3 Way color of the switches will be in the notes
on the plans.

 Switch - 4 Way

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 Electrical Devices & Their Symbols
Device Name Device Symbol Device Picture Comment
Receptacle
(Outlet) –Duplex The style, possibly model numbers,
and color of the receptacles will
Receptacle (Outlet) be in the notes on the plans.
- Duplex –
One Switched
The style, possibly model numbers,
Receptacle (Outlet) and color of the GFCI receptacles
-Duplex – GFCI will be in the notes on the plans.

The receptacle is not actually

Receptacle (Outlet) waterproof,it is the cover that
- Duplex - Provides the protection from
Waterproof the elements.
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 Electrical Devices & Their Symbols
Device Name Device Symbol Device Picture Comment
The receptacle shown is specifically
made for clocks. By having the socket
Receptacle
(Outlet) recessed in the outlet, the clock can sit
- Single flat against the wall. Some plans may
have a "C" in the bottom right of the
. symbol to signify that the outlet is made
for a clock.
Receptacle A letter may be placed on the lower
(Outlet) right hand corner signifying what the
- 240 VAC outlet is for. As an example, "D" for
dryer or "R" for range.
Receptacle A quad receptacle is made up of two
(Outlet)
duplex receptacles mounted in a double
- Quad
electrical box

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 Electrical Devices & Their Symbols
Device Name Device Symbol Device Picture Comment

The symbol does not indicate the type

Light Fixture of fixture. The symbol only tells the
- Wall Mounted electrician that he must install a wall
electrical box for a light fixture in that
location.
The symbol does not indicate the type
Light Fixture of fixture. The symbol only tells the
- Ceiling Mounted electrician that he must install a ceiling,
light fixture, electrical box in that
location.
Light Fixture The exact style of pull chain lamp
- Pull Chain socket is usually left to the discretion of
the electrical contractor.

Light Fixture The notes will specify the style and type
- Recessed of recessed light fixture including the
trim
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 Electrical Devices & Their Symbols
Device Name Device Symbol Device Picture Comment
 This symbol specifies that a ceiling fan
Ceiling Fan electrical box must be installed in this
location. A ceiling fan electrical box can
support more weight than a light fixture
electrical

The notes will generally specify make

Exhaust Fan and model of the exhaust fan.
Exhaustfans are usually supplied by the
electrical contractor who hooks up
the electrics and the HVAC
contractor installs the duct work.
Exhaust Fan &
Light Combo Additional information on exhaust fans

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 Electrical Devices & Their Symbols
 Device Name Device Symbol Device Picture Comment

Today, most smoke detectors are

Smoke Detector combination smoke/carbon monoxid
detectors.

The notes will specify any special

Telephone features with respect to the telephon
outlets

The notes should specify the make

Door Bell and model of the door chimes and
- Button the push buttons

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 Electrical Devices & Their Symbols
Device Name Device Symbol Device Picture Comment

The notes may or may not specify an

electrical panel (load center) manufacture
and/or the number of circuits. In many cases
Electrical Panel
it is left to the discretion of the electrical
contractor. It is expected that the electrical
contractor will provide the correct amount
of circuits to meet the local building codes.

The number of horizontal lines between the

Fluorescent
vertical end lines, indicate the number of
Light Fixture
lamps. The notes will state the style of
fixture.

The electrical contractor may or may not do

Cable TV the termination of the cable to the outlet.

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Common Plumbing Systems
 Sanitary Drainage System
 Storm Drainage System
 Domestic Water System
 Domestic Water Heating System
 Plumbing Fixtures
 Plumbing Specialties
 Miscellaneous Plumbing Systems

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Sanitary Drainage System
 Conveys Waste and Sewage from all plumbing
fixtures to an approved or “acceptable” disposal
location
• Community sewer system
 Sewage is treated, and returned to the environment

• Local sewage disposal system

 Septic field (See Section 11.6 MEEB)

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Drainage Pipe Materials
 Commonly Used Materials
• Cast Iron Pipe
• Copper pipe, type “DWV”
• Plastic pipe, type “PVC”

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Components of Sanitary
Drainage Systems
 A plumbing fixture is any device used to supply
water for use, and to collect waste water, waste
products, as well as human waste.
 Waste and sewage drain by gravity, wherever
possible.
 Fixture branch – horizontal drainage pipe
collecting drainage from plumbing fixtures.
 Soil & Waste Stacks – vertical pipe collecting
discharge from fixtures and fixture branches.
 Building Drain – horizontal pipe which collects all
soil and waste stacks, extends to 5 ft beyond
outside wall.
 piping.
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 A plumbing fixture is any device used to supply
water for use, and to collect waste water, waste
products, as well as human waste.
 Waste and sewage drain by gravity, wherever
possible.
 Fixture branch – horizontal drainage pipe
collecting drainage from plumbing fixtures.
 Soil & Waste Stacks – vertical pipe collecting
discharge from fixtures and fixture branches.
 Building Drain – horizontal pipe which collects all
soil and waste stacks, extends to 5 ft beyond
outside wall.
 piping.

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 Drainage piping conveying discharge from water
closets, referred to as soil pipe.
 A sewage ejection pump is used for toilet rooms
below the level of the sanitary sewer.
• Generally, two pumps are used, one to back up
the other.

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Sanitary Drainage Plan for Branch Bank

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Isometric Detail of Sanitary Drainage Piping

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Venting
 Lavatories, sinks, floor drains, drinking fountains
generally have traps made from pipe.
 Each fixture trap must be vented to atmosphere
(outdoors)
 Water and waste accelerating down pipe pushes air
in front, creates partial vacuum behind – tends to
create unbalanced pressure in piping.
 A vent is a separate pipe connected to the fixture
drain pipe downstream of the trap.
 The vent serves to relieve excess pressures that
could blow out, or suction out the water forming
the trap seal.
 Individual fixture vent pipes must be ½ the
diameter of the fixture drain, and minimum 1-1/4”
diameter.
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Components of the Water
Distribution System
 Water Services
• Corporation valve
• A connection to the street main that is approved by the municipal water
authority, consisting of a connection or tap, and a valve.
• Curb valve
 An underground valve accessible from the surface to enable shut-off of
the water service from outside of a building.
• Water meter
 Records water consumption for revenue billing and other purposes.

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 Backflow preventer
• Prevents water from within a building from flowing
back into the public water main, which would otherwise
contaminate the public water supply.
• Types:
 Double check valve
 Reduced Pressure Zone
• Must adhere to Health department requirements
 Heated, lighted enclosure
 Cannot be located in basement or undergrou

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