Basics Of Anesthesia System

By: Hira Shahid

BME
 What is anesthesia?
Anesthesia is the total loss of feeling or
sensation. It is primarily associated with
the loss of painful sensations, which
allows surgery or procedures to be
performed without causing pain.
 What are the different types of
anesthesia?
There are various forms of anesthesia.

1. Local Anesthesia
2. Regional Anesthesia
• Spinal Anesthesia
• Epidural Anesthesia
3. General Anesthesia
 Local anesthesia
• Local anesthesia is medication given to
temporarily stop the sensation in a
particular area of the body.
 Regional anesthesia
• Regional anesthesia means numbing only
the portion of the body which will be
operated on. Usually an injection of local
anesthetic is given in the area of nerves
that provide feeling to that part of the
body..
a) Spinal Anesthesia
b) Epidral Anestheisa
 Spinal anesthesia
A spinal anesthesia is often used
for lower abdominal, pelvic,
rectal, or lower extremity surgery.
This type of anesthetic involves
injecting a single dose of the
anesthetic agent directly into the
fluid surrounding the spinal cord
in the lower back. causing
numbness in the lower body.
 Epidural anesthesia
• This anesthesia is similar
to a spinal anesthesia
and also is commonly
used for surgery of the
lower limbs and during
labor and childbirth. This
type of anesthesia
involves continually
infusing medication
through a thin catheter
that has been placed into
the epidural space of the
spinal column in the lower
back, causing numbness
in the lower body.
 General anesthesia
• General anesthesia
causes a patient to be
unconscious during
surgery. The medication is
either inhaled through a
breathing mask or tube, or
administered through an
intravenous (IV) line - a
thin plastic tube inserted
into a vein. A breathing
tube may be inserted into
the windpipe to maintain
proper breathing during
surgery.
 Anesthetic Agents

• Halothane
• Isoflurane
• Sevoflurane
• Desflurane
• Enflurane
Basic Daigram Of Anesthesia Machine

Secondary regulators

Primary regulators

Cylinder supply
or
Central Supply
 Primary regulators
• These reglators regulates high pressure, which
comes out from Cylinder supply or Cenral supply
of the Hospital

But How Regulator Works????????

In the picture single-stage regulator, a diaphragm is used with a poppet valve
to regulate pressure. As pressure in the upper chamber increases, the
diaphragm is pushed upward, causing the poppet to reduce flow, bringing the
pressure back down. By adjusting the top screw, the downward pressure on
the diaphragm can be increased, requiring more pressure in the upper
chamber to maintain equilibrium. In this way, the outlet pressure of the
regulator is controlled.
 Secondary regulators
Also called flow meters/ Rota meters
Controls the amount of air released into the
anesthetic circuit
 Vaporizers
• Changes liquid agent to a vapor.
• Delivers the vapor into the moving steam of oxygen
or mixture of gases in controlled amounts.
 Flow Sensing
•Variable orifice flow sensor (VOS) Pressure Monitoring
Tube Connections
•An airway flow resistor is located in
the bore of the VOS
•The flow resistor is a specially cut flap
of Milar
•The Milar bends with increasing gas
flow Orifice Flap

•A pressure drop occurs across the

VOS flap Low Flow

•Tubes run from the VOS to the Sensor

Interfacing Board Moderate
Flow
•VOS pressure drop is measured by a
differential pressure transducers
located in the Sensor Interfacing Board
Differential Pressure Transducer
P1 P2

Flow Flow
 Oxygen Conc. Monitoring
Oxygen measurement during anaesthesia is primarily
required to detect hypoxia, hyperoxia or disconnection.
Oxygen sensors are usually placed on inspiratory limb
of the breathing circuit so that a hypoxic mixture is not
delivered.
• Electro chemical analyzer
 Electro chemical analyzers
Galvanic cell / Fuel cell
The sensing electrode is a silver
cathode where oxygen molecule
is reduced to a hydroxide ion
due to a chemical reaction. The
hydroxide ion then reacts with a
lead anode giving up electrons.
The electronic current is sensed
by a meter and is proportional
to the partial pressure of
oxygen.
 Modes of Ventilation
• Volume Control Mode
A predetermined tidal volume (VT) is set for the patient and is delivered
with each inspiration. The amount of pressure necessary to deliver this
volume will fluctuate from breath to breath based on the resistance and
compliance of the patient and ventilator circuit. If the tidal volume is set
at 500ml, the ventilator will continue to inspire gas until it reaches its goal.
Upon completion of the inspired volume, the ventilator will open a valve
allowing the patient to passively exhale.

• Pressure Control Mode

A predetermined peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) is determined based on
the patient. The ventilator will flow gas into the patient until this set
pressure is reached. Upon reaching the preset PIP, the ventilator allows for
passive exhalation.
 Ventilator Parameters
• Tidal volume (VT):
The volume of air inspired or expired with each normal
breath.
• End Tidal volume (VTE):
The volume of air expired with each normal breath.
• Respiratory minute volume MV :(or minute ventilation, or
flow of gas) is the volume of air inhaled (inhaled minute
volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's
lungs in one minute.
• Inspiratory Expiratory Ratio (I:E)
The ratio of the duration of inspiration to the duration of
expiration.
• Respiratory Rate (RR):
Respiratory rate determines the number of Breaths per
minute.
• Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP):
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) pertains to holding
pressure in the lungs during the exhalation phase.
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