Topics in Enterprise Architecture

07MCA41
UNIT- I
 Introduction to JAVA
Java is a programming language originally developed by
Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun
Microsystem’s Java platform. The language derives much of its
syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer
low-level facilities. Java applications are typically compiled to
bytecode (class file) that can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
regardless of computer architecture.

Java was initially called as “OAK” later it was renamed as “JAVA” in

the year 1995.

“Write Once Run Anywhere”

 Editions of Java
1.) Java SE
2.) Java EE
3.) Java ME
 JDK(Java Development Kit)
1.) Java – Loader
2.) Javac - Compiler
3.) JAR – Java ARchiver
4.) Jdb – Java Debugger
5.) Javap – Class file Disassembler
6.) Javah – C header and stub generator
7.) Applet viewer
8.) Javaws – Java Web Start
9.) Javadoc – Java Documentation
 Java Applications
1.) Mobiles
2.) Games
3.) Blu Ray Disc
4.) NASA
5.) Web Sites
Creating, Compiling and Executing a Java Program
Create / Modify Source code

Source code

Compile Source code

any compilation errors

Bytecode

Run Byte code

Result
 JVM(Java Virtual Machine)
A Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a set of computer
software programs and data structures that use a
virtual machine model for the execution of other
computer programs and scripts. The model used by a
JVM accepts a form of computer intermediate
Language commonly referred to as Java bytecode .

JVM is an Interpreter for bytecode. Translating a Java

program into bytecode makes it much easier to run a
program in a wide variety of environments.
 JVM(Java Virtual Machine)
In Java a program will be written once and the
source program can be compiled into a special
type of machine language code known as
bytecode.
Java Bytecode
JVM
Any
Computer
 JVM Architecture
Class loader
Class files subsystem

Java PC Native Method

Method
Heap Stacks Registers Stack
Area
Runtime Data Area

Execution Native Method

Engine Interface
Native method libraries
 Java Buzzwords or Features
1.) Simple
2.) Secure
3.) Portable
4.) Object Oriented
5.) Robust
6.) Multithreaded
7.) Architecture Neutral
8.) Interpreted & High Performance
10.) Distributed
11.) Dynamic
 A Simple Program in Java
import java.io.*;
class Simple
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“a simple program”);
}
}
 Compilation of Java Program

1.) After writing the source code

2.) Save it with .java extension.
3.) To Compile:-
javac pgmname.java
4.) Execution or Interpreting or Running:-
java pgmname or classname
 Polymorphism

Static Dynamic
(Method Overloading) (Method Overriding)

1.)Static /(Early Binding)/(Compile Time)

2.) Dynamic/(Late Binding)/(Run Time)
Datatypes and Other Tokens, Boolean Variables

Datatypes

Integers Floating-point Characters Boolean

Byte Float Char
Boolean
Int Double
Short
long
 Datatypes and Sizes
Datatypes Width(in Bits)
1.)Long 64(8)
2.)Int 32(4)
3.)Short 16(2)
4.)Byte 8 (1)
5.)Double 64(8)
6.)Float 32(4)
7.)Char 16(2)
8.)Boolean True/False
 Identifiers, Literals
Identifiers in Java are used as:-
(i) Class Names
(ii) Method Names
(iii) Variable Names

Literals:-
Any constant value in java is created by using
a literal representation.
E.g:- int a=100; char c=‘x’
 Tokens
In a Java program, all characters are grouped into symbols called tokens.
There are six kinds of Tokens available in Java. Each Token should be
identified in Java programs.

Token <= identifier | keyword | separator | operator | literal | comment

1.)Identifiers: names the programmer chooses

2.)Keywords: names already in the programming language
3.)Separators (also known as punctuators): punctuation characters and
paired-delimiters
4.)Operators: symbols that operate on arguments and produce results
5.)Literals (specified by their type)
6.)Comments
Last Whitespaces.
OOP ( Object Oriented Programming)
1.) Encapsulation
2.) Inheritance
3.) Polymorphism
 Access Specifiers
Private No Modifier Protected Public
Same Class Yes Yes Yes Yes
Same Package No Yes Yes Yes
Subclass
Same Package No Yes Yes Yes
non subclass
Different No No Yes Yes
Package
Subclass
Different No No Nos Yes
Package non
Subclass
 Streams
There are Two types of Streams:-
1.) Byte Streams
2.) Character Streams

InputStream
Byte Stream Classes
OutputStream

Reader
Character Stream Classes
Writer
 Streams

Input Stream ------------------------- System.in

Print Stream -----------System.out, System.err

 Streams Print()
Output
Buffered Reader Println()

Read()
Buffer ………………… Java Program
Readline()

Input Stream
Reader
Input
 Control Statements
Control Statements

Selection(conditional) Iteration(loops) Jump

if For Return
Nested if’s While Break
if-else-if Dowhile Continue
Switch
Nested Switch
Type Conversion and Type Casting
Rules are:-
1.) The two types should be compatible
2.) The destination type should be larger than the
source type
Range increases
Byte, short, int, long, float, double
 Java Escape Sequences
CharacterEscapeSequence Name
\b Backspace
\t Tab
\n Linefeed
\f Formfeed
\r Carriage Return
\\ Backslash
\’ Single Quote
\” Double Quote
Operators and Expressions
Operator Result
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulus
++ Increment
+= Addition Assignment
-= Subtraction Assignment
*= Multiplication Assignment
/= Division Assignment
%= Modulus Assignment
-- Decrement
 Bitwise Operators
Operator Result
~ Bitwise unary NOT
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
>> Shift right
>>> Shift right zero fill
<< Shift left
&= Bitwise AND assignment
|= Bitwise OR assignment
^= Bitwise exclusive OR assignment
>>= Shift right assignment
>>>= Shift right zero fill assignment
<<= Shift left assignment
 Relational Operators
Operator Result
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
 Boolean Logical Operators
Operator Result
& Logical AND
| Logical OR
^ Logical XOR( exclusive OR)
|| Short circuit OR
&& Short circuit AND
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
! Logical Unary NOT
&= AND assignment
|= OR assignment
^= XOR assignment
?: Ternary if-then-else
 The Assignment Operator
Var=expression;
e.g:- int a,b,c;
a=b=c=54;

The ? Operator:- (Ternary Operator)

Expression ? Expression2 : Expression3

Operator Precedence.
Highest:-
(),[],.,++,--,~,!,*,/,%,+,-,>>,>>>, <<,>,>=,<,<=,
==,!=,&,^,|,&&,||,?:,=,op= Lowest.
 String Handling
Methods in String Handling are:-
1.)length();
2.)concat();
3.)toString();

Character Extraction Methods:-

1.)charAt();
2.)getChars();
3.)getBytes();
4.)toCharArray();
 String Handling
String Comparison Methods are:-
1.)equals() and equalsIgnoreCase()
2.)regionMatches()
3.)startsWith() , endsWith()
4.)compareTo()

Searching of Strings:-
1.)indexOf()
2.)lastIndexOf()
 String Handling
Modifying a String:-
1.)substring()
2.)concat()
3.)replace()
4.)trim()
Data conversion using valueOf().
Changing the case of characters with in a
String:-
1.)toLowerCase()
2.)toUpperCase()
II -UNIT
 Classes
A Class is a Template for an Object, an
Object is an instance of a Class.

The base class for all classes in Java is

Object Class. All other classes are
subclasses of Object class. The Object
class defines few methods, that implies
they are available in every object.
 Classes
Syntax:-
Class classname{
type instance-variable1;
type iv2;
type methodname1()
{ }
type methodname2(parameter-list)
{ }
}
 Object Class
Method Purpose
1.)Object clone() - creates a new object
same as the object being cloned.

2.)boolean equals(Object object) –checks

whether one object is equal to another.

3.)void finalize() - called before an unused

object is recycled.
 Object Class
Method Purpose
4.)Class getClass() – Obtains the class of an
object at run time.

5.) int hashCode() – Returns the hashcode

associated with the invoking object.

6.) void notify() - Resumes execution of a

thread waiting on the invoking object.
 Object Class
Method Purpose
7.) void notifyAll() - Resumes execution of all
threads waiting on the invoking object.

8.)String toString() – Returns a string that

describes the object.

9.)void wait()
10.)void wait(long milliseconds)
11.)void wait(long milliseconds, int nanoseconds)
– waits on another thread of execution
 Constructors
A class contains constructors that are invoked to
create objects from the class blueprint. Constructor
declarations look like method declarations—except
that they use the name of the class and have no
return type.
As with methods, the Java platform differentiates
constructors on the basis of the number of
arguments in the list and their types. we cannot
write two constructors that have the same number
and type of arguments for the same class, because
the platform would not be able to tell them apart.
Doing so causes a compile-time error.
You don't have to provide any constructors for your
class, but you must be careful when doing this. The
compiler automatically provides a no-argument,
default constructor for any class without constructors.
This default constructor will call the no-argument
constructor of the superclass. In this situation, the
compiler will complain if the superclass doesn't have a
no-argument constructor so you must verify that it
does. If your class has no explicit superclass, then it
has an implicit superclass of Object, which does have
a no-argument constructor.
You can use access modifiers in a constructor's
declaration to control which other classes can call the
constructor.
Rules for Constructors:-
1.) Constructors can use any access modifier,
including private.
2.) the constructor name must match the
name of the class.
3.)constructors must not have a return type.
4.)A method will have a return type but
constructor will not have any return type.
E.g:- Constructor
1.)class Foo
{
Foo()
{ }
}
2.)class Foo
{
int size;
String name;
Foo(String name,int size)
{
this.name=name;
this.size=size;
}
}
 Method Overloading
When a class has more than one method
with same name but with different
parameters we call it as Method
Overloading.
 Method Overriding
When a method in the subclass has the same
name and type signature as a method in the
super class than the method in the subclass is
said to be as over ridden method.
 Arrays
An array is used to store a collection of data.
It is a collection of homogeneous elements.
Array is used to store a fixed size sequential
collection of elements of the same type.
 Packages
A Package is a container for a group of classes
that are used to keep the class name space
compartmentalized. They are stored in a
hierarchical manner and are explicitly imported
into new class definitions.
 Packages
Hierarchy of Packages in Java:-
Java

Lang Util IO AWT

 Packages
1.)When the programs are with in the package to
compile we have to specify at that package level
a.)javac *.java
b.)Java class name(where main method exists)
2.) When main method is outside the package
Compile with in the package but run or execute
the program outside the package.
3.)To create the package
javac –d . Clsname .java
While compiling:- java pkgname.clsname
 Abstract Methods
A Method with complete body is called as Concrete
Method, with out body is called as Abstract
Method. Methods which are incomplete are called
as Abstract Methods.
A class which contains Abstract Methods
must be declared as Abstract which is a keyword in
Java. By using Abstract methods we cannot create
any objects only references can be created.
 Abstract Methods
Notation:-
abstract class A
{
abstract void m1();
void m2()---- Concrete Method
{}
}
 Interfaces
In Interfaces all the methods must be Abstract
Methods. Interfaces are syntactically similar to
classes but all the methods are declared with out
body.
Interfaces are declared by using Interface keyword.
Once the interfaces are defined any number of
classes cam implement that interface.
By default all the methods in interface are public,
abstract.
By default all the variables in interface are static,
final.
 Interfaces
Java allows only single inheritance for class
extension, but multiple extensions for interfaces.
E.g:-
Public class Newclass extends Baseclass
implements Int1,Int2………………..Intn

An interface can inherit other interfaces using the

extends keyword such an interface is called as a
subinterface.
E.g:- interface iface3 extends iface1,iface2….ifacen
 Interfaces
E.g:-
Interface iface1
{
void method1();
void method2();
}
Class A implements iface1
{
public void method1(){}
public void method2(){}
}
Differences - Interfaces and Abstract Classes
1.)All the methods in interface are abstract
methods where as abstract classes can
contain both abstract methods and concrete
methods.
2.) In interfaces all the variables are by default
public, static and final where as in abstract
classes we have to declare explicitly.
3.)In interfaces all methods are by default
public and abstract where as in abstract
classes we have to explicitly declare the
methods as abstract.
 Exception Handling
An Exception is an abnormal condition that
disturb the normal program flow execution.

Difference between Error and Exception is

Error signify drastic failures which cannot be
handled by the programmer.

E.g:- Stack Overflow

 Exception Handling
Throwable

Error Exception

Checked Unchecked
 Exception
CheckedExceptions UncheckedExceptions
IOException NullPointerException
ClassNotFound ArrayIndexOutOfBounds
CloneNotSupported ArithMeticException
NoSuchMethod ClassCastException
NoSuchFieldException
SQLException
 Exception Handling
Different types of exceptions available in Java
are :-
1) ArithmeticException
ex:- division by zero

2)IOException :- which are frequently occured at

Input Output Operations time.

3) ArrayIndexOutofBounds:-Occurs when you

are trying to access the element whose index is
greater than length of our array.
 Exception Handling
4) NullPointerException:-Occurs when you are
trying to perform operations on the values not
yet initialized.

5) StringIndexOutofBounds:- Same as
ArrayIndexOutofBounds

6) FileNotFoundException:- If you are trying to

access the file which is not available.
 Exception Handling
7)NumberFormatException:- Occurs when we
are trying to assign value to the variable which is
of different type.

8)ClassNotFoundException:- If the accesing class

is not available in the current directory.

9)NoSuchMethodException:- Occurs when you

call the method which is not available in the
current class.
 Exception Handling
Exception Handling in Java is managed by Five
keywords:-
1.)try
2.)catch
3.)throw
4.)throws
5.)finally
 INNER CLASSES
Inner classes are also called as Nested classes. It is a class
which is declared in another class.

Some properties of Inner classes are:-

1.)We can use the classname only with in the defined scope,
the name of the inner class must be different from the outer
class.
2.)the inner class can use both class and instance variables
of enclosed classes and final local variables of enclosing
blocks.
 INNER CLASSES
3.)the inner class can be defined as abstract.
4.)the inner class can have any access specifier.
5.)the inner class can act as an interface
implementer.
6.)Same type of variables can be called from
both inner and outer classes.
 Applets
Applets are small applications that are
accessed on an Internet server, transported
over the Internet, automatically installed,
and run as a part of a web document.

Applets are created to distribute Java code

they are default GUI's. They will be loaded as
documents which can be executed either
using the Browser or AppletViewer utility.
 Applets
Life Cycle of an Applet:-

Init()

Start()

paint()

Stop()

destroy()
 Applets
When applet is loaded for the first time the init()
method is going to be invoked from there the
flow will be transferred to the start() which
executes the paint() if exists.
If Applet got focus the start() is going to be
executed, the stop() is going to be executed when
ever the focus lost.
If Applet is terminated the Stop() and destroy()
are going to be executed.
 Applets
1.)init()- The init() is invoked after the applet is
created. If a subclass of Applet has an initialization
to perform, it should override this method. It is the
first method called in every Applet.

2.)start()- The start() is invoked after the init(). It is

also called when user returns to the Web page
containing the applet after surfing the pages.

3.)stop()- The stop() is invoked when user leaves

the page.
 Applets
4.)destroy()- the destroy() is invoked when the
browser exits normally to inform the applet
that it is no longer needed and should release
any resources it has allocated.

Applets are Event Driven. The

execution of an Applet will not start with main
method.
 Applets
Two types of applets are:-
1.)Applet Class(which uses AWT)
2.)Swing Class(JApplet)
AWT-stands for Abstract Window
Toolkit. AWT components can be
decorated directly over Frame or Applet.
Two types of Executable programs in Java
are:-
1.)Java Applications(standalone)
2.)Java Applets(Distributed)
 Applets
To Load Applet:-

<applet code=name width=XXX height=XXX>

</applet>

1.)Applets dont need a main method.

2.)Applets must be run under an applet viewer
or a Java compatible browser.
3.)User I/O is not accomplished with Java's
Stream IO Classes.Instead,applets use the
interface provided by the AWT.
Hierarchy of Applets and Swing
Object

Component

Container

Window Panel

Frame Applet

JFrame JApplet
 Applets
The HTML Applet Tags are:-
1.)codebase
2.)code
3.)alt
4.)name
5.)width, height
6.)align
7.)vspace, hspace
8.)<param name=name value=“somename”>
 Applet Display Methods
1.)update()
2.)paint()
3.)setBackground()
4.)setForeground()
5.)getBackground()
6.)getForeground()
The default foreground color is black,
background color is light gray.
 Event Handling and Delegation
An event is an unexpected external happening in the context of
hardware.Forexample when we press a key the electronic device
inside the keyboard interrupt the system to send the keycode .
So that the system respond immediately by halting whatever it
was doing.
In this EventDrivenProgramming, the user control the
sequence of operations that the application executes.In event
driven application the program will construct the various GUI
Components displayed those components and then enters into
a tightly loop weighting for user events to request an operation.
In java all the events are objects which describes the state
change in a source , the java.awt.event package defines a set of
event classes for the respective event type through this
package ,the objects of various event classes are constructed
when ever the user activates the respective GUI components.
Event Handling and Delegation
The Programmer has to handle these generated events for
example when the user clicks on the button, the JVM constructs
an object of an action event class in which it stores all the details
like when and where the event is generated.
If we donot handle this generated event then the event is
simply ignore .In GUI program the generated events are handled
with the concept of event delegation.
 EventDelegation:
The process of assigning an object to handle the events is called
event delegation,the event handling objects are called listeners.
for example to inform a button component that it should
delegate action event to some listener, we call the add
actionListener method of button class by passing a reference of
the desired listener.
every component class in awt has addlistener method to
each event type that the component generates.
when a button with actionlistener is clicked then the listener
receives an action event object and executes its action
performed method .there are two ways of delegating an event
to the listener
1)delegating an event to an external object
2)delegating to some object
The Delegation Event Model has two parts:-
1.)Sources and Listeners.

Event Sources are:-

1.)Button
2.)Checkbox
3.)Choice
4.)List
5.)Menu Item
6.)Scrollbar
7.)Text Components
8.)Window
Event types and interfaces Available
An Event is an object that describes a state change in a Source. A source is an
Object that generates an Event. A Listener is an object that is notified when an
event occurs.
java.awt.event package contains the following
classes for the respective event type.
1)ActionEvent
2)TextEvent
3)ItemEvent
4)WindowEvent
5)KeyEvent
6)FocusEvent
7)AdjustmentEvent
8)MouseEvent
9)Component Event
10)Container Event
11)Input Event
12)MouseWheelEvent
the following are the interfaces available
in java.awt.event package to handle the respective event types
i.e
1)ActionListener
2)TextListener
3)ItemListener
4)WindowListener
5)KeyListener
6)FocusListener
7)AdjustmentListener
8)MouseListener
9)MouseMotionListener
10)Component Listener
11)Container Listener
12)MouseWheelListener
13)WindowFocusListener
the following are the respective methods that are declared
in the respective interfaces
1)ActionListener----->(Buttons,TextField,TextArea,List)
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
2)TextListener----->(TextFields,TextArea)
public void textChanged(TextEvent te)
3)ItemListener------>( Checkbox,CheckboxGroup)
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)
4)WindowListener------>(Frames)
public void windowOpened(WindowEvent we)
public void windowClosed(WindowEvent we)
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
public void windowActivated(WindowEvent we)
public void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent we)
public void windowIconified(WindowEvent we)
public void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent we)
5)keyListener-------->(Buttons)
public void KeyPressed(KeyEvent ke);
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent ke);
public void KeyTyped(KeyEvent ke);
6)FocusListener-------->(TextField,TextArea,Frames)
public void FocusGained(FocusEvent fe);
public void FocusLost(FocusEvent fe);
7)AdjustmentListener-------->(ScrollBar)
public void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent ae);
8)MouseListener------------>
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me);
public void mouseRelease(MouseEvent me);
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me);
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me);
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me);
9)MouseMotionListener--------->(ScrollBar)
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me);
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me);
10)ComponentListener--------->
public void componentResized(ComponentEvent ce);
public void componentMoved(ComponentEvent ce);
public void componentShown(ComponentEvent ce);
public void componentHidden(ComponentEvent ce);
11)ContainerListener--------->
public void containerAdded(ContainerEvent ce);
public void containerRemoved(ContainerEvent ce);
12)MouseWheelListener------------>
public void mouseWheelMoved(MouseWheelEvent mwe);
13)WindowFocusListener------>
public void windowGainedFocus(WindowEvent we)
public void windowLostFocus(WindowEvent we)
 Layouts
1.)Flow Layout
2.)Border Layout
3.)Card Layout
4.)Grid Layout
5.)Grid Bag Layout
6.)Box Layout
 Layout Managers
A layout manager is a Java object associated with a
particular component.The layout manager controls
the components contained with in it.
Border Layout is the default Layout manager for a
Frame.
FlowLayout is the default layout manager for a
Panel.
1)Flow Layout:
This layout manager is the simplest layout manager in
the awt,as the name says it will layout all the GUI
elements in a flowing.Which is similar to word processor
arranges words in a paragraph.

the setLayout method of the container class is used to

set the respective layout for the container.the
constructors of this flowlayout class are

1)FlowLayout() ---->default alignment is center

2) BorderLayout:
This layout manager will divide the entire
space of the container into five zones i.e
North,South,East,West,Center.
This Layout manager is the default layout
manager for the frame class,this border layout
sizes its individual component so that
automaticaly expand to fill the space available
for them.The add method of the container
class is use to add the individual components
by specifiying the respective position such as
f.add("North",b1); where
f-> Frame Object
b1->button Component

So that button b1 is added at the north of

the frame this BorderLayout can deal with
only five components i.e for component
located against four edges of the container,
and one located centrally an occupies the
entire space of the center of the container.
3)GridLayout:This enforces a gridbag layout for all the
components of a container.we specify the number of
gridrows and gridcolumns to the constructor of this
gridlayout class such as
f.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,2));
All the components will be added to the
container with respect to the specific grid dimension
so that the components are visible as matrix form, all
the individual components will be added to the
container with add methods such as
f.add(b1);
f.add(b2); etc.......
GridLayout :-
GridLayout(int rows,int cols);
GridLayout(int rows,int cols,int hs,int vs);
add(Component);
Box layout :-
public static Box createVerticalBox();
public static Box createHorizontalBox();
public static void createVerticalGlue();
public static void createHorizontalGlue();
 Card Layout
By using Card layout many screens or
components can be displayed but only
one at a time by selecting that particular
component.
First(container),previous(container),
Next(container),last(container)
 Swing
Swings are GUI(Graphical User Interface) based
Application. Look and feel is the concept of Swing
and the appearance of the Swing application is
same in different platforms.
AWT applications appearance is different in
different platforms because Java depends on OS
level to overcome this problem Netscape and other
Scientists developed a set of classes called as
JFC(Java Foundation Classes)
java.awt.Graphics methods
drawLine(x1,y1,x2,y2);
drawRect(x,y,w,h)& fillRect(x,y,w,h)
drawOval(x,y,w,h);&fillOval(x,y,w,h);
drawRoundRect(x,y,w,h,xarc,yarc);&
fillRoundRect(x,y,w,h,xarc,yarc);
draw3DRect(x,y,w,h,boolean raised);
fill3DRect(x,y,w,h,boolean raised);
drawArc(x,y,w,h,stangle,total angle);
fillArc(x,y,w,h,stangle,total angle);
drawPolyline(x[],y[],int n);
drawPolygon(x[],y[],int n);& fillPolygon(x[],y[],int n);
drawString(String,x,y);
setColor(Color);
 java.awt.Component class
public void setSize(w,h);
public void setBounds(x,y,w,h);
public void setVisible(boolean);
public setTitle(String);
public void setBackground(Color);
public void setForeground(Color);
public Color getBackground();
public Color getForeground();
public void setPreferredSize(Dimension);
public Dimension getPreferredSize();
public void setEnabled(boolean);
public int isEnabled();
 Icon
Icon is an interface implemented
in a class ImageIcon.
Icon i1=new ImageIcon("image
path");
Adapter classes
MouseAdapter
MouseMotionAdapter
ComponentAdapter
ContainerAdapter
KeyAdapter
WindowAdapter
FocusAdapter
 javax.swing
Both swing and awt packages are used to create the forms.AWT
follows Event delegation model.
awt methods internally call the native methods . Native
methods which are written in other languages like c and c++.They
are system dependent and awt components are heavy weight
components . It requires more Memory ,Resources and more
processing time. Look & feel of awt components are different for
Heterogeneous operating systems. look means appearance and
feel means interaction with user.
For the above reasons java soft people provided another api
that is JavaFoundationClasses(JFC). It is system independent. JFC
is an extension to awt. So it is not replacement of awt. JFC
contains so many packages.
JFC contains :--->

1) javax.swing:-->(x - means extension)

To develop components like buttons ,
menus etc, to access windows like Jframe,
Jpanel etc………………
2.)javax.event :- To access various events
like mouse,keyboard,etc…..
3.)java.awt:- to access various layouts like
flow,grid,border etc…………..
 Features of JFC
1) JFC components are light -weight components . They
use less System resourses.
2) JFC components have same look & feel on all
platforms
By using javax.swing.plaf package the programmer
can change the look & feel of components.
3) JFC offers a rich set of components with lot of
features.
4) JFC does not replace awt ,it is an extension.
javax.swing components follow the model-view-control
model --> represents state of the component.
view --> How the component is represented graphically
control-> Control view & model.

1) model stores the data that defines the state of the

button or text present in the text field.
2) view creates visual representation of the component
from the data in the model.
3) control deals with the users interaction with the
components and modifies the model or the view in
response to user action.
JTabbedPane :-
JTabbedPane();
JTabbedPane(int orientation);
JTabbedPane.TOP,BOTTOM,LEFT,RIGHT
SwingConstants. TOP,BOTTOM,LEFT,RIGHT

addTab(String label, Icon obj,

Component, String tooltiptext);
insertTab(String label, Icon obj,
Component,String tooltiptext, int index);
 Annonymous Inner classes
new xxxxListener()
obj.addxxxxListener(new xxxAdapter()
{
methods...
});
 Multi Threaded Programming
A Thread is a small process with in a program.
To create a thread either we have to extend
the Thread Class or implement the Runnable
Interface.
Methods in Thread class are:-
1.)getName
2.)getPriority
3.)isAlive()
4.)join
 Multi Threaded Programming
Methods in Thread class are:-
5.)run
6.)sleep
7.)start
 Syntax
java.lang.Thread class
|
public static Thread currentThread();
public void setName(String);
public String getName();
public static void sleep(long ms) throws
InterruptedException
 Syntax
Thread();
Thread(String tname);
Thread(Object obj,String tname);

public void start();

public void run();
public boolean isAlive();
public void join() throws
InterruptedException
 Syntax
>>>>> thread priorities :

Thread.MIN_PRIORITY 1
Thread.NORM_PRIORITY 5 (default)
Thread.MAX_PRIORITY 10

public void setPriority(int);

public int getPriority();
 Threads
A thread is a process or execution of a task,Performing only one
task is called a Single Thread . In multitasking there are 2 types.

1) Process based multitasking:- Executing more than oneprogram

-----------------------------------------
simultaneously is called Process based Multitasking.

2) Thread based Multitasking:-

-----------------------------------------
Executing the different parts of the same program
simultaneously is called Thread based Multitasking.
 Round Robin
Executing the first program after the second
program is called as Round Robin System.

Threads are useful in two ways:-

-------------------------------------------
1) creation of animation and games.

2) Threads are used in an internet server to serve several

clients simultaneously.
 Important Points
1) A thread is a sequential flow of control with in a program . Every
program has at least one thread that is called the primaryThread.

2) Applications having only one thread is called single thread model.

3) The currentThread () method retrieves the reference of the

currentthread.

4) Multithreaded applications have more than one thread.

5) The Thread class is used to create and manipulate the threads in a

program.

6) You can use the Thread class or the runnable interface to

implement the threads.
 Important Points
7) A thread can have the following states.
a) New Thread : When an instance of Thread class is created,the
thread enters into the newthread state.

b) Runnable : When the start() method is invoked,the thread

enters into the runnable state.

c) NotRunnable : The thread is said to be in not runnable state if

it is in
* Sleeping.
* Waiting.
* Being blocked by another thread.

d) Dead : A thread can be either die naturally or killed. A natural

death when the loop in the run() method is
 Important Points
1) The start() method of the Thread class is used to start the thread.

2) The run() method contains the code which the thread executes.

3) A thread can be put to sleep using the sleep() method.

4) The threads are scheduled based on the priorities.

5) The synchronized keyword is used to ensure that no threads

access the same object simultaneously.

6) The methods wait(), notify(), notifyAll() are used for inter-thread

communication.

7) Mutex : It is an object that is locked till a thread completes

execution.
JDBC
 JDBC
JDBC stands for Java DataBase Connectivity
PROCEDURE FOR ESTABLISHING THE DATABASE
CONNECTION:-
1) Loading(Registering) the driver software into the
memory
2) Establishing the connection from the front end
application to the server.(Database)
3) Creating the statements corresponding to the
connection generated.
4) Execute the created statements
5) Closing all the statements.
Types of Drivers in JDBC are:-
1.)Jdbc-Odbc Bridge driver
2.)Native API Partly Java Driver
3.)Jdbc-Net Pure Java Driver
4.)Native Protocol Pure Java Driver
 Database connection
1) java.lang.Class class
public static void forName("classname")
throws java.lang.ClassNotFoundException;
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

>>>> DriverManager class

public static Connection getConnection("url",
["uname"],"[pwd]")throws SQLException
uniform resource locator :"jdbc:odbc:datasourcename"
Connection
cn=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:oradsn1",
"scott","tiger");
 Java.sql package
1.)Driver Manager
2.)Connection
3.)Statement
4.)Resultset
5.)Resultsetmetadata
6.)Databasemetadata
7.)Prepared Statement
8.)Callable Statement
 Explanation
ODBC API is a specification that is accessible to everyone as part of
this specification. Microsoft design the functions like sqlConnect ,
sqldisconnect, sqlparse and sqlexecute. These functions can be used
by the programmer to deal with different databases.

So many companies has provided the implementation ofODBC

API.These implementations are known as ODBC drivers.
On windows we can get the files with the extension .DLL (Dynamic
Link Library) which contains the implementation of functions.

JDBC is an open specification which can be implemented

by any one.The implementation of JDBC API is known as JDBC driver.
All most all the JDBC driver vendors supplies a set of classes as part
of JAR file
 Explanation
A Java programmer need not learn different set of API’s to write
the programs to deal with different databases.
As part of JDBC API specification java soft has specify different
interfaces like
Java.sql.driver
Java.sql.conncection
Java.sql.statement
Java.sql.prepared Statement
Java.sql.blob
Java.sql.callable Statement
==================================
And a set of classes like DriverManager
==================================
Java.sql.Date
Java.sql.Time
Java.sql.TimeStamp , Java.sql.Types
 Explanation
Any one can provide the implementation of above interfaces
ex :Oracle Corp has provided the implementation of those
interfaces to access oracle.
A java programmer needs to know the following information to
access a specific Database.
a) The name of class that provides the implementation of
java.sql.Driver interface.
b)The format of jdbc URL
NOTE :we can obtain the information from the documents
provided by JDBC Driver vendor
Classes12.jar is a JDBC Driver provided by oracle
corporation as part of oracle
 PARSING
The DataBase Servers are responsible for PARSING the sql
statements submitted by the client.
PARSING :
Breaking up the sql statement into multiple pieces(tokens) for
analyzing whether the statement follows the sql syntax or not. And
checking the availability of different database objects used in sql
statement.

PREPARED STATEMENT :-
Prepared Statement stmt = con.preparedStatement(“insert into
tablename Values(?,?);
Stmt.setInt(1,1);
Stmt.setInt(2,1);
Stmt.ExecuteUpdate();
 PREPARED STATEMENT
Prepared Statement stmt = con.preparedStatement(“insert into
MyTab Values(?,?);
Stmt.SetInt(1,1);
Stmt.SetInt(2,1);
Stmt.ExecuteUpdate();
PROCEDURE FOR USING PREPARED STATEMENT
1) prepared statement stmt = con.preparedstatement(“deleted
from mytab where col1=?);
2.)Set the values of parameter using
Stmt.setInt(1,1); method
3)To execute the statement using executeUpdate(); or by using
executeQuery() method.
Eg:- Prepared Statement stmt = con.preparedStatement(“insert
into emp(empno,ename) values(?,?);
Stmt.SetInt(1,1);
Stmt.SetString(2,Sone); Stmt.executeUpdate();
 Explanation
*) To get the information about a table we can use an interface
ResultSetMetaData
*) To execute the select statements we can use executeQuery(). It
is not recommeneded to use executeUpdate().
1) ExecuteQuery must be used for executing select statements
and the return value is a Resultset object which can be used to
fetch the rows from the database.
2) ExecuteUpdate has to be used for the execution of non-select
statements and the return value is a integer.The return value
gives the number of rows affected or changed or modified.
ex :A ResultSet r1= Stmt.executeQuery(“Select * from emp”);
A JDBC programmer can access only one row at a time from the
ResultSet when the ResultSet is created it will be pointing to
before first row.
SERVLETS
 Servlets
Servlets are used to dynamically extend the
functionality of a web server. Every Servlet is a class
in Java. Server side applets are called as Servelts.
They need to be deployed in a Web Server or
Application Server.
Servlets are small programs that
are designed to execute on the server side of a Web
Connection. They are platform independent.
Server side programming can be develped using
components like Servlets and JSP’s.
 Servlets
Life Cycle of a Servlet:-
1.)init()
2.)service()
3.)destroy().
Servlets need a Web server to
deploy the Servlets. Apache Tomcat is used to
deploy the Server side components which is a
Web server to maintain Web Components of java.
Web applications must be created to represent
Servlets.
 Servlets
The two important packages that are required to
build Servlets are:-

1.)javax.servlet
2.)javax.servlet.http.

The above two packages contains the classes and

interfaces that are required to develop Servlets in
Java.
 javax.servlet package
The javax.servlet package includes the following
interfaces:-
Interfaces Description
1.)Servlet Declares life cycle methods for a Servlet.
2.)ServletConfig Allows Servlets to get initialization parameters
3.)ServletContext Enables Servlets to log events and access
information about their environment.
4.)ServletRequest Used to read data from a client request.
5.)ServletResponse Used to read data from a client response.
6.)SingleThreadModel Indicates that the Servlet is thread safe.
 javax.servlet package
The javax.servlet package includes the following
classes:-
Classes Description
1.)GenericServlet Implements the Servlet and ServletConfig
interfaces.
2.)ServletInputStream Provides an Input Stream for reading
requests from a client.
3.)ServletOutputStream Provides an Output Stream for writing
responses to a client
4.)ServletException Indicates a Servlet error occurred.
5.)UnavailableException Indicates a Servlet is Unavailable.
 javax.servlet.http package
The javax.servlet.http package includes the
following interfaces:-
Interfaces Description
1.)HttpServlet Request Enables Servlets to read data
from an Http request.
2.)HttpServletResponse Enables Servlets to write data
to an Http response.
3.)HttpSession Allows session data to be read
and written.
4.)HttpSessionBindingListener Informs an object that it is
bound to or unbound from
a session.
 javax.servlet.http package
The javax.servlet.http package includes the
following classes:-
Classes Description
1.)Cookie Allows state information to be
stored on a client machine.
2.)HttpServlet Provides methods to handle Http
requests and responses.
3.)HttpSessionEvent Encapsulates a session change
event.
4.)HttpSessionBindingEvent Indicates when a listener is
bound to or unbound from a
value, or that a session
attribute changed.
 Servlets
1.)Session Tracking
(i)Cookies
(ii)Http Session
(iii)URL Rewriting
(iv)Hidden form fields
2.)Request Dispatcher
(i)include
(ii)forward
 Java Server Pages(JSP)

W JSP
Client1 E jspInit()
Client1
B
S
E _jspService()
R
V
E jspDestroy()
Client2 R
 JSP(Java Server Pages)
Life Cycle of JSP:-
1.)JSP is translated into a Servlet.
2.)Translated Servlet is compiled.
3.)Loads into memory the compiled code.
4.)Creates object of the Servlet
5.)Executes jspInit()
6.) Executes _jspService()
7.)Finally executes the jspdDestroy()
 Java Server Pages(JSP)
1.)Scripting Elements of JSP are:-
a.)Scriplets
b.)Declarations
c.)Expressions
2.)Directives
a.)Page Directive
b.)include Directive
c.)Taglib Directive
 Java Server Pages(JSP)
Default Objects in JSP:-

1.)HttpServletRequest Request
2.) HttpServletResponse Response
3.)Page Context PageContext
4.)HttpSession Session
5.)ServletConfig Config
6.)ServletContext Context
7.)Object Page
8.)Throwable Exception
9.)JSPwriter Out
 Java Server Pages(JSP)
JSP actions:-
1.)jsp:actionname
2.)jsp:forward
3.)jsp:include
4.)jsp:useBean
5.) jsp:setProperty
6.) jsp:getProperty
7.) jsp:plugin
8.)jsp:param
Remote Method Invocation
 Remote Method Invocation
RMI is a Specification to enable one JVM to invoke
methods in an object of other JVM.
The two JVM’s may be in the same system or in
different systems.
RMI server can be implemented as Middle tier
of 3-tier architecture, that enables us to invoke
distributed components among network systems.
RMI Server(Middle Tier)
Registers
RMI Client remote objects Database
in RMI registry

Searches for Remote Objects

 Remote Method Invocation
Distributed Components of RMI:-
1.)RMI Server
2.)RMI Client

1.)RMI Server:- RMI Server is an application to

register remote objects in RMI Registry.
RMI Registry is a service in Java to maintain
remote objects with unique name.
2.)RMI Client:-RMI Client is an application to search
remote objects in RMI Registry. If search found then
remote methods will be invoked.
 Remote Method Invocation
RMI Architecture:-
1.)Skeleton/Stub Layer
2.)Remote Reference Layer
3.)Transport Layer
RMI Architecture:-
Look up
Client Application Server Application

Skeleton
Stub

Remote Reference Remote Reference

Layer

Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer

RMI Client RMI Server

 Explanation
1.)The client request will be received by stub,
which is represented to the server application at
client side.
2.)Stub requests will be interpreted by Remote
Reference Layer
3.)The request will be sent to the remote network
system through transport layer
4.)Client requests will be received by the Skeleton
at server side and executes the original method.
 ServerSideProgramming
(i)Creating Remote Interface:-
(a)Create one interface as sub interface of Remote there are no
methods in the Remote Interface.
(b)Declare all Remote methods(which will be invoked from any
network system) in the interface and each method must throw
Remote Exception.

(ii)Create Implementation Class:-

(c)Create a class as subclass of UnicastRemoteObject
implementation of Remote Interface .URO belongs to
java.rmi.server.*;
(d)Invoke Superclass constructor from implementation class(URO
is superclass)
(e)Define all Remote Interface methods in the class.
 ServerSideProgramming
(iii)Create Server Application:-
(a) Create a class to register remote object in Rmi Registry.
Naming Class:-to Register
Public static void rebind(“url”,remoteobject);
url-rmi:://hostname[:port]/bindname

Port-1099(default,optional)

To Compile:-
1.)javac *.java
2.)rmic implclass
3.)start rmiregistry
4.)java serverapplication
 ClientSideProgramming
(i) Create RMI Client application to search remote objects
and to invoke remote methods.
 RMI Specifications
1)Create One Interface
2)Give the Implementation for that interface.
3)Binding
4)create client Application

Rules For Creating Interface

a) Our Interface must extends
java.rmi.RemoteInterface.
b) declare all the Business Logic methods .
c) All the Business logic methods Should throws
java.rmi.RemoteException
 Rules While Implementing the Interface
a) our implementation class should extends
java.rmi.server.UnicastRemoteObject

b) Should provide non-argument constructor

which throws java.rmi.RemoteException

c) Should implements all the Business logic

methods declared in our remote interface
Enterprise JavaBeans
 Explanation
EJB components are server-side components written entirely in the
Java programming language
EJB components contain business logic only - no system-level
programming & services, such as transactions, security, life-cycle,
threading, persistence, etc. are automatically managed for the EJB
component by the EJB server.
EJB architecture is inherently transactional, distributed, portable
multi-tier, scalable and secure.
EJB components are fully portable across any EJB server and any OS.
EJB architecture is wire-protocol neutral--any protocol can be
utilized like IIOP, JRMP, HTTP, DCOM, etc.
Rapid application development
Broad industry adoption
Application portability
Protection of IT investment
EJBContainer:-
It contains set of applications to interact with our service
object.Which provides a runtime environment for our EJB
Components in the form of frameWork.
Here FrameWork is nothing but libraries.The only difference
is Libraries are used with in our application where as in frame work
they are used our application.
so FrameWork has to Know our application specification.
so comming to the EJB EjbContainer is the FrameWork and
application is nothing but EJBComponents.

-> In EJB we are provide with different Components Like

.Session Bean
.Entity Bean
.Message Driven Beans
RemoteInterface:-
it contains all our Bussiness Logic Methods
which throws
java.rmi.RemoteException;
it should extends javax.ejb.EJBObject

HomeInterface:-
it contains life cycle methods which should
throws
java.rmi.RemoteException,javax.ejb.CreateExcep
tion;
it should extends javax.ejb.EJBHome
BeanClass:-
it Should implements one of our
EJBComponents that is
(SessionBean,EntityBean) or
MessageDrivenBean)should not implement our
remote or home interface Should provide the
definition for all our Business Logic Methods
.Should give the corresponding definition for
the life cycle methods define in home interface.
 Enterprise JavaBeans
There are three kinds of Enterprise Beans:
(i)Session Beans,
(ii)Entity Beans, and
(iii)Message-Driven Beans.

A message-driven bean combines features of a

session bean and a Java Message Service (JMS)
message listener, allowing a business component
to receive JMS. A message-driven bean enables
asynchronous clients to access
the business logic in the EJB tier.
Entity Bean is a Java class which implements an
Enterprise Bean interface and provides the
implementation of the business methods.
There are two types:
Container Managed Persistence (CMP) and
Bean-Managed Persistence (BMP).

Session Bean is used to represent a workflow on

behalf of a client.
There are two types:
Stateless and
Stateful.
Stateless bean is the simplest bean. It doesn't
maintain any conversational state with
clients between method invocations.

Stateful bean maintains state between

invocations.