Translation Studies

Development

by Gabey
 Objective and Topics

Objective : The Era of Translation Studies

● to expose the timeline of Development :
translation studies ● Translatability
development ● Equivalence
● to help translation students to Holmes’ translation study figure
adopt a conceptual, strategic,
● Functionality
and operational system
● Skopos
● Process oriented
● Post Truth
ST : Source text

TT : Target text

SL : Source language

TL : Target language
Science Technology and Translation Studies

● theories: human to solve

● transfer truth
problems in technical way
intralingual, cross
of thinking
● Translation = technology
culture, using
Why? approaches, method,
● Translation Studies: Learn and technique as the
the technology to transfer system
sense and message ● Product : TT in TL
intralingual
Translatability
the quality of being translatable

● 1940-1950s Roman Jakobson (as cited

● Walter Benjamin Ghanooni, 2012) :

(as cited by Munday, 2016) : “the three types of translation

law governing the
translation: its ● intralingual
translatability” ● interlingual
● translation method are ● intersemiotic
formed (transmutation)
Equivalence

● 1960s-1970s Koller in 1979

● communicating the ST (cited by Ghanooni, 2012)

by making relation of ● Denotative equivalence

identity with the ST ● Connotative equivalence
● expansion translation ● Text-normative equivalence
● Pragmatic/ communicative
research, a new
equivalence
academic discipline in ● Formal equivalence
1970s
● James Holmes, 1972 (cited by Munday, 2016) : what translation
studies cover
(cited by Munday, 2016)
● translation aids :dictionary, grammar
lesson
● translation criticism : assessment
students’ translation, proofread and
feedback, translation evaluation
● product : examine existing translation
● process : mental activity during
translation
● function : the function of the translation
for clients
 ● Restricted translation
theory : it is the the theory
that concerns about
replacement of SL textual
material with equivalent TL
material at only one scope
(cited byMunday, 2016)
(cited by Munday, 2016)
● medium : whether the translation done
by human or machine or human &
machine (aided)
● area : languages involved or to the
cultures involved
● rank : discourses or texts as wholes, but
concern themselves with lower linguistic
ranks (such as word-for-word
equivalence, morpheme-for-morpheme
equivalence)
● text type : specific discourse types or
genre
● time : learn about translation in specific
time frames
Functionality

● 1980s
● equivalence loses its significance, why?
● functionality as the social factors involved in communicating
information.
● Holz-Manttari (as cited by Ghanooni, 2012) -> Translatorial
Action :

not only translating, paraphrasing and adapting but also

editing and consulting, so that TT fulfill the client's needs.
Skopos
(as cited by Ghanooni, 2012; Munday, 2016)

● Hans J. Vermeer
● purpose of translating
● the same ST can be translated in different ways
according to the purposes, determine the method and
strategies.
● 2 points to remember :

why ST is to be translated and what the function of

the TT will be
Cultural Studies
● Gutt (1991, as cited by Ghanooni, 2012): translation clear and natural in
expression (in TT and TL)
● domestication (localization) and foreignization (internationalization)
● process-oriented -> think-aloud protocols
● the awareness of patriarchal language/ male-oriented language
● Postcolonial translation theory : “translation has an active role in
colonization process and disseminating an ideologically motivated
images of colonized people” (Niranjana, 1992 as cited by Munday, 2016,
p.134)
Post-truth
● Political discourse, power exercise

● facts are ignored if they oppose audience’s beliefs and

preferences. (Knoblock, 2018)

● “translation studies to train translators to convey morally and

ethically problematic language contents in which language
acquires diverse meanings when used in politically and
culturally challenging contexts.” (Vujic &Danicic, 2018)

● the case of Hariri’s 21 Lessons for the 21st Century book.

Approach, Method and Technique
Recently Used
Approach : communicative (functional) and
interpretive.

Method : Communicative

Technique : based on the purpose and function :

borrowing, adaptation, equivalence, modulation
Conclusion
The influence of the translation development to
translation evaluation

• critical thinking
Example, the issue of equivalence
• several options of theory
Translators aware what people needs to communicate the
message from one language to different language. Sometimes
it requires different approach to translate (Benjamin, 2014;
Marais, 2014)
References
Bassnett, S. (2005). Translation Studies. Third Edition. London and New York:
Routledge.

Benjamin, A. (2014). Translation and the Nature of Philosophy : a New Theory of

Words. New York : Routledge

Ghanooni, A.R. (2012). A Review of the History of The Translation Studies,

Finland : Academy Publisher.

Knoblock, N. (2018). Post-truth, Fake News and Authenticity. Political Discourse -

Multidisciplinary Approaches #2: New Discourses of Populism and Nationalism
Seminar. June, 21-22. Edinburgh Napier University.
Marais, K. (2014). Translation Theory and Development Study : A Complexity
Theory Approach. New York : Routledge
Munday, J. (2016). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications.
Fourth Edition. London and New York: Routledge.
Vujic, J. & Danicic, M. (2018). Translation: A linguistic and Translational
Perspective on Hate-speech Populism. Political Discourse - Multidisciplinary
Approaches #2: New Discourses of Populism and Nationalism Seminar. June, 21-
22. Edinburgh Napier University.