TEETH WHITENING

Milad farhangdoust
201112636
Omar jarallah
201410099
Ghassan Mustafa Hameed
201110493
The purpose of this research is:-
1- to evaluate the most effective method in
teeth whitening and compare them from
each other .
2- To differentiate between them based on
:Efficiency+ duration of application+ the
dental sensitivity cause
• 100 articles were collected from PubMed
and 28 and were filtered according certain
criteria.
• Current reports in the literature are
reviewed that are related to the use of
peroxide based whitening methods. These
reports include in vitro studies for method
optimization and mechanism as well as
clinical studies on effects of various
whitening regimens.
Tooth whitening has become one of the most frequently requested •
dental procedures by the public. The public has come to demand
whiter, more perfect smiles and in response many choices for tooth
whitening have been made available. These include home-based
products such as toothpastes, gels, and films, as well as in-office
based systems where products containing highly concentrated
bleaching agents are applied under professional supervision. The
profession and public have been aware of certain risks related to
tooth whitening such as increased tooth sensitivity and gingival
irritation. New research has shown that there are other risks such as
tooth surface roughening and softening, increased potential for
demineralization, degradation of dental restorations, and
unacceptable color change of dental restorations. The new research
is also focused on optimizing whitening procedures to reduce tooth
sensitivity and to increase the persistence of the whitening.
 The types of stains
Extrinsic staining is largely due to
environmental factors including smoking,
pigments in beverages and foods, antibiotics,
and metals such as iron or copper.
Intrinsic staining primarily occurs during the
tooth development either before birth or at
early childhood. Intrinsic stains are those that
cannot be removed through mechanical
measures such as debridement or a
prophylactic stain removal
• Tooth whitening is any process that lightens the
color of a tooth. Whitening may be accomplished
by physical removal of the stain or a chemical
reaction to lighten the tooth color. Bleaching is
defined here as the chemical degradation of the
chromogens. The active ingredient in most
whitening products is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
• Tooth stains consist of compounds that have
color or darker shades called chromogens that
are accumulated in the tooth (intrinsic) or on the
tooth (extrinsic).
 At home In-office

1- Whitening Toothpastes 1- Whitening gel : Hydrogen

2-OTC Whitening Strips and peroxide with 35%
Gels
3-Whitening Rinses 2- lasers
4-Tray-Based Tooth
Whiteners 3- LED
5-In-Office Whitening
 At home
• Whitening Toothpastes
• Whitening toothpastes typically contain higher amounts of abrasives
and detergents than standard toothpastes, to remove tougher stains.
Whitening toothpastes do not contain bleach (sodium hypochlorite)
but some contain low concentrations of carbamide peroxide or
hydrogen peroxide that help lighten tooth color. Whitening
toothpastes typically can lighten tooth color by about one or two
shades.

• OTC Whitening Strips and Gels

• Whitening strips were introduced into the market in the late 1980’s.
They deliver a thin layer of peroxide gel on plastic strips shaped to fit
onto the buccal surfaces of the teeth.
 At Home
• Whitening Rinses
• Whitening rinses contain oxygen sources such as hydrogen
peroxide to react with the chromogens. Manufacturer’s
instructions are for twice a day rinsing for 60 seconds each. It
takes up to 3 months to see a 1 or 2 shade improvement in
tooth color
• Tray-Based Tooth Whiteners
• Tray-based tooth whitening systems are available both
professionally and OTC. This method involves use of a fitted
tray containing carbamide peroxide-bleaching gel worn for 2
to 4 hours a day or overnight. Usually by following the
manufacturer instructions tooth whitening is noticeable in a
few days, lightening the teeth by 1 or 2 shades.
 At-home
At-home whitening methods include gels, •
chewing gums, rinses, toothpastes, paint-
on films, and whitening strips. Teeth
whitening trays and gel results are shown
over period of time and it’s not
professionally applied. A tooth whitening
strip is provided over the counter and it’s
inexpensive but it takes a long time to
show results
• Quicker tooth lightening can be achieved through in-
office whitening because the products deliver higher
concentrations of peroxide than OTC. Consequently,
gingival tissues are usually protected before the agent is
applied. Some products claim to increase the oxidation
of chromogens by exposure to heat or an intense blue
light with a wave length between 480 nm and 520 nm to
activate the product while on the tooth, causing the
chemical reactions to proceed faster. Some
professionals use laser systems to increase the rate of
the chemical reactions.
• Risks commonly reported with tooth whitening include
• increased tooth sensitivity and mild gingival
irritation. The degree of these side effects is directly
related to the concentration of the peroxide bleach
component, duration of the treatment, and the non-
bleach composition of the product used. Tooth sensitivity
usually occurs at the time of treatment and can last
several days; gingival irritation begins within a day of the
treatment and can also last several days. There are
additional risks that have been reported from in vitro
studies which include tooth erosion, tooth mineral
degradation, increased susceptibility to demineralization,
and pulpal damage
Prevalence of sensitivity with each
bleaching method
 Conclusion
• Light activation offers no benefits for amount of whitening achieved,
persistence of the whitening treatment, or avoidance of tooth sensitivity from
the whitening treatment.
• Home-based bleaching (following manufacturer’s instructions) results in less
tooth sensitivity than in-office bleaching.
• The optimal regimen to obtain persistence of tooth whitening is to follow an
in-office treatment with monthly home-based touch-up treatments using
OTC products.
• Aggressive bleaching with high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide office-
based products causes enamel softening, surface roughness, and an
increase in the susceptibility of the tooth to demineralization, based upon in
vitrofindings.
• Dental restorations are susceptible to unacceptable color change even
when using the home-based OTC systems.
• In-office bleaching of restored teeth using a 35 % hydrogen peroxide
product caused tooth sensitivity in all cases. Teeth with restorations have a
significantly greater chance of becoming sensitive and result in a greater
degree of pain when exposed to whitening regimens.
• Some authors said that tooth color shade can be substantially
improved using a dedicated device with 6% hydrogen peroxide only.
This whitening method can be helpful for the dentist in home for
continuation of in-office whitening specially in highly stained teeth .and
the home whitening for patient with low budget, so 6% can be
sufficient for teeth whitening for mild cases and also for enhances the
35% hydrogen peroxide which is done in-office .They prefer to use the
low concentration first then can progress to higher one ,because the
higher concentration cause more sensitivity.
• Some they said it is better to start with high concentration 35%,
because it is more efficient and no need to start with low
concentration like 6% which it is less likely to give nice immediate
results based on their opinions.
• Some other authors they highlight in using combining ozone and 38%
H2O2 giving better result in whitening in comparison to the use of
38% H2O2 , so they prefer to use combining ozone and 38% H2O2 in
more complicated dental stain cases .
• Some they said it is better to start with high concentration 35%,
because it is more efficient and no need to start with low
concentration like 6% which it is less likely to give nice immediate
results based on their opinions.
• Some other authors they highlight in using combining ozone and 38%
H2O2 giving better result in whitening in comparison to the use of
38% H2O2 , so they prefer to use combining ozone and 38% H2O2 in
more complicated dental stain cases .
• Some authors they prefer to use the 10% carbide peroxide gel if
compared to strips ,because they said it is more efficient because the
gel better invade and involve all teeth surfaces , but they have
consensus that the dental sensitivity is similar in both .Some they said
that we prefer the strips more ,because it is less likely causing gingival
irritation that specific to teeth ,while the 10% carbide peroxide gel that
it can leak to the gingival and causing irritation .
• Many disparity in views about using soda
containing dental dentifrice or non - soda
containing dental dentifrice.
• Some indicates that baking soda-based
dentifrices are effective and better for tooth stain
removal and consequently whitening, whereas
others they prefer the opposite under the reason
that baking soda-based dentifrices may remove
more from the enamel of the teeth thus causing
more dental sensitivity