CELL THEORY

- CELL DOCTRINE
- STATES THAT ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED
OF SIMILAR UNITS OF ORGANIZATION, CALLED
CELLS.
- THIS THEORY WAS FORMALLY ARTICULATED IN
1839 BY THEODOR SCHWANN AND MATTHIAS
SCHLEIDEN.
Schwann summarized his
observations into 3 conclusions:
1. THECELL IS THE UNIT OF STRUCTURE,
PHYSIOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION IN
LIVING THINGS.
2. THECELL RETAINS A DUAL EXISTENCE AS A
DISTINCT ENTITY AND A BUILDING BLOCK
IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ORGANISMS.
3. CELLSFORM BY FREE-CELL FORMATION,
SIMILAR TO THE FORMATION OF CRYSTALS.
*WE KNOW TODAY THAT THE 3RD
CONCLUSION IS WRONG. THE CORRECT
INTERPRETATION OF CELL FORMATION BY
DIVISION WAS FORMALLY ANNOUNCED IN
RUDOLPH VIRCHOW’S POWERFUL
STATEMENT, “OMNIS CELLULA E
CELLULA”…”ALL CELLS ONLY ARISE FROM
PRE-EXISTING CELLS”.
The modern principles of the cell
theory include the ff:
1. ALL KNOWN LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS.
2. THE CELL IS THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF
ALL LIVING THINGS.
3. ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS BY DIVISION.
4. CELLS CONTAIN HEREDITARY INFORMATION WHICH IS
PASSED FROM CELL TO CELL DURING CELL DIVISION.
5. ALL CELLS ARE BASICALLY THE SAME IN CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION.
6. ALL ENERGY FLOW (METABOLISM AND BIOCHEMISTRY)
OF LIFE OCCURS WITHIN CELLS.
 The Cell Theory

(1)All living things are made up of cells;

(2)Cells are the basic unit of structure
and function of all living things; and
(3)All cells come from preexisting cells.
CELLS
- THE BASIS OF LIFE
- BASIC UNITS OF STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION IN ALL LIVING
THINGS.
 Types of Cells
1. PROKARYOTIC CELLS – lack a nuclear envelope
and membrane-bound organelles. e.g. bacterial
cell (about 0.2-5 micrometers); divides through
Binary Fission
2. EUKARYOTIC CELLS – generally larger and have
very distinct nuclei that are clearly surrounded by
nuclear membranes. they also have numerous
membrane-bound organelles found in the
cytoplasm. Protists, plants, fungi, and animals
have eukaryotic cells. Divides through Cell
Division
PROKARYOTIC CELLS : parts and functions
1.Capsule – a sticky outer layer that
provides protection
2.Cell Wall – a structure that confers rigidity
and shape to the cell
3.Plasma Membrane – a structure that
serves as a permeability barrier
4.Plasmid – a genetic material
5.Nucleoid - DNA-containing region within
the cytoplasm
6. Cytoplasm – the region where
chromosomes (DNA), ribosomes, and
various inclusions are found
7. Ribosome – the site where protein is
synthesized
8. Pilus (plural: pili) – a hair-like appendage
that functions in adhesion
9. Flagellum – facilitates movement of
bacteria
BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELLS:
1.CELL MEMBRANE – ALSO CALLED PLASMA
MEMBRANE; THE OUTER
BOUNDARY/COVERING OF THE CELL; IT IS
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE THAT
REGULATES THE ENTRANCE AND EXIT OF
SUBSTANCES INTO THE CELL. IT ALSO
PROVIDES SHAPE AND FLEXIBILITY OF THE
CELL.
EVERT GORTER AND FRANCOIS GRENDEL, 1925 –
hypothesized that the cell membrane is composed of lipid
bilayer.

HUGH DAVSON AND JAMES DANIELLI, 1935 – proposed a

sandwhich-like model of the cell membrane, which is known
as davson-danielli model

JONATHAN SINGER AND GARTH NICOLSON – proposed the

fluid mosaic model which describes the plasma membrane
as a mosaic of proteins that are embedded or attached to a
fluid bilayer of lipid.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELLS:
2. CYTOPLASM – THE MATERIAL BETWEEN
THE CELL MEMBRANE AND THE NUCLEUS.
IT IS THE GROUND SUBSTANCE AND THE
BIGGEST PART OF THE CELL WHERE
ORGANELLES AND CELLULAR
INCLUSIONS ARE FOUND.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELLS:
3. NUCLEUS – FOUND IN MOST
EUKARYOTIC CELLS. IT IS THE SITE WHERE
NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE SYNTHESIZED, AND,
THEREFORE, DIRECTS ALL THE ACTIVITIES
OF THE CELL. IT ALSO SERVES AS A SITE
FOR THE STORAGE OF HEREDITY
FACTORS.
PARTS OF THE NUCLEUS
1. Nuclear
Membrane – the two-layered outer limit of the
nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm. It contains
ribosomes on its outer membrane. It is also
continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
2. Nucleoplasm – the dense, protein-rich substance
inside the nucleus where the nucleolus is suspended.
3. Nucleolus – a spherical, non-membrane bound
structure suspended in the nucleoplasm. It is the
structure responsible for ribosome formation. It is rich
in proteins and nucleic acids and it is where rRNA is
transcribed and assembled.
4. Nuclear Pore – can be seen in the
nuclear envelope; act as selective
channels between the cytoplasm
and the inside of the nucleus.
5. Chromatin – found inside the
nucleus; which is made up of DNA
and proteins, and forms
chromosomes during cell division.
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) - EXTENDS
FROM THE NUCLEUS TO THE CELL MEMBRANE
AND TAKES UP QUITE A LOT OF SPACE IN
SOME CELLS. IT MOVES MATERIAL FROM ONE
PLACE TO ANOTHER PLACE INSIDE THE CELL.

A. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)

B. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
2. GOLGI APPARATUS – ARE THE PACKAGING AND
RELEASING STRUCTURES OF THE CELL.
3. MITOCHONDRION (PLURAL: MITOCHONDRIA) –
SAUSAGE-SHAPED BODIES; COMMONLY CALLED
THE “POWER HOUSE” OF THE CELL. THEY TRAP THE
ENERGY, IN THE FORM OF ATP, THAT RESULTS
WHEN FOOD IS BROKEN DOWN.
 CRISTA (PLURAL: CRISTAE) - FOLDS
 MATRIX - SPACES
4. LYSOSOMES - CONTAIN CHEMICALS/ENZYMES
THAT DIGEST WASTES AND WORN-OUT/DAMAGED
CELL PARTS.

5. SECRETORY GRANULES – LARGE DENSE

GRANULES WITH MEMBRANES. THESE FUSE WITH
THE CELL MEMBRANE TO SECRETE SUBSTANCES
SUCH AS ENZYMES, PROTEINS, AND SIGNALING
MOLECULES OUT OF THE CELL.
6. LIPID DROPLETS – STORE FATTY ACIDS AND
STEROLS. THEY TAKE UP MUCH SPACE AND
VOLUME IN ADIPOCYTES (FAT CELLS). THEY
APPEAR AS BLACK SPHERICAL BODIES OF
VARYING SIZES WHEN STAINED WITH
OSMIUM TETROXIDE.
CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS
1. RIBOSOMES - ARE TINY DOTS YOU SEE ON THE
EDGES OF SOME OF THE ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM. THE ACTUAL BUILDING BLOCKS
(PROTEIN) ARE MADE ON THE SURFACES OF
THESE VERY TINY STRUCTURES.
2. CENTRIOLE – HAS A CENTRAL ROLE IN CELL
DIVISION WHERE IT PARTICIPATES IN THE
FORMATION OF THE MITOTIC SPINDLE.
3. MICROTUBULES – TOGETHER WITH THE
MICROFILAMENTS, THEY FORM THE CYTOSKELETON
OF THE CELL. THEY FORM THE SPINDLE APPARATUS
THAT APPEARS DURING CELL DIVISION.

4. MICROFILAMENTS – SUPPORT THE CELL TO

MAINTAIN ITS STRUCTURE AND SHAPE AS IT
PROVIDES RESILIENCY AGAINST FORCES THAT CAN
ALTER THE SHAPE.
5. GLYCOGEN GRANULES – ABUNDANT IN LIVER
CELLS, PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE
GLUCOSE CYCLE.

6. PIGMENTS – SUBSTANCES THAT DO NOT REQUIRE

STAINING BY DYES BECAUSE THEY ALREADY
POSSESS THEIR OWN COLOR. THESE ARE
ESPECIALLY ABUNDANT IN PLANT CELLS.
STRUCTURES FOUND IN PLANTS
1. CELL WALL – THE OUTERMOST, RIGID
COVERING OF PLANT CELLS; COMPOSED OF
CELLULOSE EMBEDDED IN HARDENING
COMPOUNDS SUCH AS PECTIN AND LIGNIN. IT
PROVIDES STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY TO THE
CELL.
2. WATER VACUOLES – ARE LARGER AND MORE
CENTRALLY LOCATED IN PLANT CELLS THAN IN
ANIMAL CELLS. THEY STORE ENZYMES AND WASTE
PRODUCTS. IN A MATURE PLANT CELL, VACUOLES
COULD OCCUPY AS MUCH AS 90 PERCENT OF THE
VOLUME OR SPACE OF THE ENTIRE CELL.
3. PLASTIDS – THEY CARRY OUT THE
PHOTOSYNTHETIC FUNCTION IN PLANTS. E.G.
CHLOROPLASTS, CHROMOPLASTS, AND
LEUCOPLASTS.
CHLOROPLASTS – CONTAIN THE GREEN PIGMENT,
CHLOROPHYLL WHICH IS DESIGNED TO ABSORB
SUNLIGHT IN THE INITIAL STEP OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
CHROMOPLASTS – SYNTHESIZE AND STORE
PIGMENTS SUCH AS YELLOW, CAROTENE,
XANTHOPHYLLS, AND VARIOUS RED PIGMENTS
THAT ASSIST THEM IN TRAPPING ENERGY.
LEUCOPLASTS – STORE FOOD SUCH AS STARCHES,
LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS.
CELL TYPES
CELLS VARY IN SHAPE, SIZE, AND ARRANGEMENT

1. JUST AS THERE IS VARIETY AMONG ORGANISMS,

THERE IS ALSO VARIETY AMONG CELLS. YOUR
OWN BODY CONTAINS OVER A HUNDRED
DIFFERENT KINDS OF CELLS. SOME OF THESE CELLS
ARE ROUND. OTHERS ARE SHAPED LIKE LONG,
TANGLED STRINGS.
2. CELLS VARY GREATLY IN SIZE,
TOO. THE BACTERIA THAT
NATURALLY LIVE DEEP INSIDE
YOUR BODY ARE VERY TINY. THE
OSTRICH EGG CELL IS 800,000
TIMES BIGGER THAN THE
BACTERIAL CELLS.
THE LIVING ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS
ALSO VARIES. THE BACTERIA AND
OTHER CELLS YOU MIGHT FIND IN A
DROP OF POND WATER LIVE BY
THEMSELVES. THESE CELLS ARE ONE-
SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS.
YOU, YOUR CLASSMATES, THE CORK
TREES AND A VARIETY OF OTHER
ORGANISMS ARE MANY/MULTI-CELLED
ORGANISMS.
1. PROKARYOTE - REFERS TO
BACTERIAL CELLS.
2. EUKARYOTE - REFERS TO
EVERYTHING ELSE. SO,
STREPTOMYCIN BACTERIA ARE
PROKARYOTE CELLS. ANIMALS,
PLANTS AND FUNGI (MUSHROOMS)
ARE MADE OF EUKARYOTE CELLS.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE CELL TYPES? A
MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO IS THE PRESENCE OF
MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES. INSIDE THESE CELLS WE
GET THINGS LIKE MITOCHONDRIA, GOLGI BODIES, A
NUCLEUS, ETC. THEY ARE CLEARLY DEFINED BECAUSE THEY
HAVE INTERNAL MEMBRANES AROUND THEM. THE
MEMBRANES HOLD THEM TOGETHER. PROKARYOTES LACKS
THESE MEMBRANES, SO CONSEQUENTLY THEY DON’T HAVE
THESE ORGANELLES. INSTEAD OF A CLEARLY DEFINED
NUCLEUS WITH CHROMOSOMES, THEY HAVE A SINGLE,
CIRCULAR PIECE OF DNA (NUCLEOID). THUS, PROKARYOTES
ARE SIMPLE AND SMALLER THAN EUKARYOTES.
THE SECOND CELL GROUPING IS PLANTS VERSUS
ANIMAL CELLS. BOTH OF THESE CELL TYPES ARE
EUKARYOTES. THIS MEANS THEY HAVE A LOT OF
ORGANELLES IN COMMON. ONE ORGANELLE THEY
DON’T HAVE IN COMMON IS CHLOROPLASTS,
WHICH ONLY PLANTS HAVE. ANOTHER ORGANELLE
DIFFERENCE IS THE VACUOLES. IN ANIMAL CELLS
ARE SMALL AND PLENTY. IN PLANT CELLS, THERE IS
A LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE THAT OCCUPIES
OVER 50% OF THE PLANT CELL’S VOLUME. THIS
VACUOLE IS FILLED WITH WATER AND NUTRIENTS
UNDER PRESSURE. THE PRESSURE HELPS MAINTAIN
THE PLANT CELL’S RIGID SHAPE.
 STUCTURES ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
1. Cell Wall
2. Cell Membrane
3. Cytoplasm
4. Mitochondria
5. Ribosomes
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum

7. Golgi Bodies
8. Lysosomes
9. Vacuoles
10. Chloroplast
11. Nucleus
12. Chromosomes