Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ece477 6
Ece477 6
Photodetectors
Content
• Physical Principles of Photodiodes
• pin, APD
• Photodetectors characteristics (Quantum efficiency,
Responsivity, S/N)
• Noise in Photodetector Circuits
• Photodiode Response Time
• Photodiodes structures
pin Photodetector
The high electric field present in the depletion region causes photo-generated carriers to
Separate and be collected across the reverse –biased junction. This give rise to a current
Flow in an external circuit, known as photocurrent.
Energy-Band diagram for a pin photodiode
Photocurrent
• Optical power absorbed,P (x )in the depletion region can be written in terms
of incident optical power, P0 :
s ( ) x
P( x) P0 (1 e ) [6-1]
(1 R f ) P(w) P0 (1 e s ( ) w )(1 R f )
Optical Absorption Coefficient
Responsivity
• The primary photocurrent resulting from absorption is:
q
Ip P0 (1 e s ( ) w )(1 R f ) [6-3]
h
• Quantum Efficiency:
P0 h
Responsivity vs. wavelength
Avalanche Photodiode (APD)
APDs internally multiply the
primary photocurrent before it
enters to following circuitry.
In order to carrier multiplication
take place, the photogenerated
carriers must traverse along a
high field region. In this region,
photogenerated electrons and
holes gain enough energy to
ionize bound electrons in VB
upon colliding with them. This
multiplication is known as Optical radiation
impact ionization. The newly
created carriers in the presence of Reach-Through APD structure (RAPD)
high electric field result in more showing the electric fields in depletion
ionization called avalanche region and multiplication region.
effect.
Responsivity of APD
• The multiplication factor (current gain) M for all carriers generated in the
photodiode is defined as:
IM
M [6-6]
Ip
• Where I M is the average value of the total multiplied output current & I P
is the primary photocurrent.
q
AP D M 0 M [6-7]
h
Current gain (M) vs. Voltage for different optical
wavelengths
Photodetector Noise & S/N
ip M s
2 2 2 2 [6-9]
is
m 2 I P2
p
2 2
ip for sinusoidal signal [6-10]
2
Noise Sources in Photodetecors
• The principal noises associated with photodetectors are :
1- Quantum (Shot) noise: arises from statistical nature of the production
and collection of photo-generated electrons upon optical illumination. It has
been shown that the statistics follow a Poisson process.
2- Dark current noise: is the current that continues to flow through the
bias circuit in the absence of the light. This is the combination of bulk
dark current, which is due to thermally generated e and h in the pn
junction, and the surface dark current, due to surface defects, bias voltage
and surface area.
• In order to calculate the total noise presented in photodetector, we should
sum up the root mean square of each noise current by assuming that those
are uncorrelated.
Q 2qI P BM F (M )
2 2 2
iQ [6-11]
DB 2qI D BM 2 F ( M )
2 2
i DB [6-12]
DS 2qI L B
2 2
i DS [6-13]
Noise calculation (2)
• The total rms photodetector noise current is:
N iQ i DB i DS
2 2 2 2 2
iN
2q( I P I D ) BM 2 F ( M ) 2qI L B [6-14]
4k BTB
T
2 2
iT [6-15]
RL
• Having obtained the signal and total noise, the signal-to-noise-ratio can be
written as:
2
S iP M 2
[6-16]
N 2q( I P I D ) BM 2 F ( M ) 2qI L B 4k BTB / RL
• Since the noise figure F(M) increases with M, there always exists an
optimum value of M that maximizes the S/N. For sinusoidally modulated
signal with m=1 and F ( M ) M x :
x2 2qI L 4k BT / RL
[6-17]
M
xq( I P I D )
opt
Photodetector Response Time
• The response time of a photodetector with its output circuit depends mainly
on the following three factors:
1- The transit time of the photocarriers in the depletion region. The transit
time t ddepends on the carrier drift velocity v d and the depletion layer
width w, and is given by:
w
td [6-18]
vd
2- Diffusion time of photocarriers outside depletion region.
3- RC time constant of the circuit. The circuit after the photodetector acts
like RC low pass filter with a passband given by:
1
B [6-19]
2RT CT
RT Rs || RL and CT Ca Cd
Photodiode response to optical pulse
light
InP substrate
InP buffer layer
INGaAs Absorption layer
Metal contact