ONE-WAY Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA)

Ernie C. Cerado, PhD

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One-Way is the most commonly
used statistical
ANOVA
method for testing
hypotheses referring
to 3 or more means.

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F-test the statistical test used in
ANOVA for comparing more
than two variances

 Compared to other tests, F-test

involves a much longer process just to
arrive at a single computed figure, the F
statistics (Fc).
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The purpose of the ANOVA is to
establish variations (or sources of
differences) between samples and
within samples.

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Three possible sources of
variations:

 Variation between samples

 Variation within samples
 Total variation among the
values of all the samples

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Table of ANOVA
Source of Sum of Mean of the Sum of
Degree of Freedom
Variation Squares Squares

Between MSSb = SSb

SSb dfb = k - 1
columns dfb
Within MSSw = SSw
SSw dfw = N – k
columns dfw

Total SSt dft

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The computed F-ratio

MSSb
Fc =
MSSw

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 Illustrative Example
 The Principal of a school would like to know if there is
a significant difference among three methods of
instruction (Methods A, B and C) that are employed for
the third year students.

A different method is used for each of three separate

group of students. The same topic is discussed for
all groups and the same set of examination
questions are given at the end of the course. A
sample of the examination scores of six STUDENTS
from each of the group is taken.

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 Student
Number METHOD A METHOD B METHOD C
per group
1 82 80 92
2 93 86 96
3 90 78 85
4 88 82 90
5 85 76 89
6 92 84 94

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 STEPS IN
COMPUTING F-test
Statistics

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Step 1. Compute the mean for each
group.

XA = 88.33
XB = 81.00
XC = 91.00

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Method A x-X (x-X)2
82
-6.33 40.07
93
90
4.67
1.67
21.81
2.79
Step 2.Compute the
88
85
92
-0.33
-3.33
3.67
0.11
11.09
13.47
within-groups sum of
Σx
X
530
88.33
Σ(x-X)2 89.33
squares.
Method B x-X (x-X)2
80 -1 1.0
86
78
5
-3
25.0
9.0
SSw = 89.33 + 70.00 + 76.00
82 1 1.0
76 -5 25.0
84 3 9.0
Σx 486 Σ(x-X)2 70.00
X 81.00

Method C x-X (x-X)2

92 1 1.0
96 5 25.0
85 -6 36.0
90 -1 1.0
89 -2 4.0
94
Σx 546
3
Σ(x-X)2
9.0
76.00
SSw = 235.33
X 91.00
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Xtot 86.78 235.33
Method A x-X (x-X)2
82
-6.33 40.07
93
90
4.67
1.67
21.81
2.79
Step 3.Compute the
88
85
92
-0.33
-3.33
3.67
0.11
11.09
13.47
between-groups
Σx
X
530
88.33
Σ(x-X)2 89.33
sum of squares.
Method B x-X (x-X)2
80 -1 1.0
86
78
5
-3
25.0
9.0
SSb = (88.33-86.78)2(6) +
82
76
1
-5
1.0
25.0
(81.00-86.78)2(6) +
Σx
84
486
3
Σ(x-X)2
9.0
70.00
(91.00-86.78)2(6)
X 81.00

Method C x-X (x-X)2 = 14.52 + 200.30 + 106.96

92 1 1.0
96 5 25.0
85 -6 36.0
90
89
-1
-2
1.0
4.0
SSb = 321.78
94 3 9.0
Σx 546 Σ(x-X)2 76.00
X 91.00
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Xtot 86.78 235.33
Method A x-X (x-X)2
82
-6.33 40.07
93
4.67 21.81
90
88
85
1.67
-0.33
2.79
0.11 Step 4.Compute the total
-3.33 11.09

Σx
92
530
3.67
Σ(x-X)2
13.47
89.33
sum of squares.
X 88.33

Method B x-X (x-X)2

80 -1 1.0
86
78
5
-3
25.0
9.0
SSt = 321.78 + 235.33
82 1 1.0
76 -5 25.0
84 3 9.0
Σx 486 Σ(x-X)2 70.00
X 81.00

Method C x-X (x-X)2

92 1 1.0
96
85
5
-6
25.0
36.0
SSt = 557.11
90 -1 1.0
89 -2 4.0
94 3 9.0
Σx 546 Σ(x-X)2 76.00
X 91.00
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Xtot 86.78 235.33
Method A x-X (x-X)2
82
93
-6.33
4.67
40.07
21.81
Step 5.Compute the
90
88
85
1.67
-0.33
2.79
0.11 between groups and within
-3.33 11.09

Σx
92
530
3.67
Σ(x-X)2
13.47
89.33
groups degrees of
X 88.33
freedom.
Method B x-X (x-X)2
80 -1 1.0
86
78
5
-3
25.0
9.0
dfb =k–1
82
76
1
-5
1.0
25.0
= 3 -1
84
Σx 486
3
Σ(x-X)2
9.0
70.00
=2
X 81.00

Method C x-X (x-X)2 dfw = Ntotal – k

92
= 18 – 3
1 1.0
96 5 25.0
85 -6 36.0
90
89
-1
-2
1.0
4.0
= 15
94 3 9.0
Σx 546 Σ(x-X)2 76.00
X 91.00
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Xtot 86.78 235.33
Method A x-X (x-X)2
82
93
-6.33
4.67
40.07
21.81
Step 6. Compute the
90
88
85
1.67
-0.33
2.79
0.11 between-groups and
-3.33 11.09

Σx
92
530
3.67
Σ(x-X)2
13.47
89.33
within-groups mean
X 88.33
square.
Method B x-X (x-X)2
80
86
-1
5
1.0
25.0 SSb SSw
78 -3 9.0
82
76
1
-5
1.0
25.0
MSSb = MSSw =
Σx
84
486
3
Σ(x-X)2
9.0
70.00
dfb dfw
X 81.00

Method C x-X (x-X)2 321.78 235.33

92
96
1
5
1.0
25.0 = =
85 -6 36.0
90
89
-1
-2
1.0
4.0
2 15
94 3 9.0
Σx 546 Σ(x-X)2 76.00
X 91.00
MSSb= 160.89
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MSSw= 15.69
Xtot 86.78 235.33
Method A x-X (x-X)2
82
-6.33 40.07
93
4.67 21.81
90
88
85
1.67
-0.33
2.79
0.11 Step 7. Compute the F-
-3.33 11.09

Σx
92
530
3.67
Σ(x-X)2
13.47
89.33
ratio.
X 88.33

Method B x-X (x-X)2

MSSb
80
86
-1
5
1.0
25.0
Fc =
78 -3 9.0
82
76
1 1.0 MSSw
-5 25.0
84 3 9.0
Σx 486 Σ(x-X)2 70.00
X 81.00 160.89
=
Method C x-X (x-X)2 F-ratio
92
96
1
5
1.0
25.0
15.69
85 -6 36.0
90 -1 1.0
89 -2 4.0
94 3 9.0 Fc = 10.25
Σx 546 Σ(x-X)2 76.00
X 91.00
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Xtot 86.78 235.33
 Step 8. Enter your computed data in
a table.
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean of the Sum of
Variation Squares Freedom Squares

Total 557.11 17

Between
columns 321.78 2 160.89

Within
columns 235.33 15 15.69

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Step 9. Interpret the result by
comparing the computed F-
ratio with the tabular value.

From the F-distribution table, the

tabular value of F-ratio at .01
level of significance, with dfb = 2
and dfw = 15 is 6.36.

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Illustration
Tabular Computed
value of F value of F

Region of Rejection

Region of Acceptance

F.01 = - 6.36 F.01 = 6.36 Fc= 10.25

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CONCLUSION

Since, the computed F-ratio of 10.25

is greater than the tabular value of
6.36 at .01 level of significance, the
null hypothesis is REJECTED.

Specifically, we can conclude that

the three (3) methods of instruction
differ significantly with respect to
their scores.
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Since there is a significant difference in
the methods, one has to determine
which method is the best and to
employ that method.

Through several applications, one is

able to determine which method will
yield consistently high grades for
students.
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Suppose the conclusion is that “there is
no significant difference in the grades.”

Then, the three methods may be

considered equally effective and any
one of the methods may be used for
teaching purposes.

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Hypothesis
Test for
Correlation
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 Hypothesis Test for Significance
 r is the correlation coefficient for the sample
 The correlation coefficient for the population is ρ (rho).

For a two-tailed test for significance:

(The correlation is not significant)
(The correlation is significant)

The sampling distribution for r is a t-distribution

with n – 2 (df).

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 Test of Significance
The correlation between the number of times absent and
final grade is r = – 0.975. There were seven pairs of data. Test
the significance of this correlation. Use α = 0.01.

1. Write the null and alternative hypothesis.

(The correlation is not significant)
(The correlation is significant)

2. State the level of significance.

= 0.01
3. Identify the sampling distribution.
A t-distribution with 6 degrees of freedom
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 Rejection Regions

Critical Values ± t0
t
–4.032 0 4.032
df\p 0.40 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.0005

4. Find the critical value. 1 0.324920 1.000000 3.077684 6.313752 12.70620 31.82052 63.65674 636.6192

2 0.288675 0.816497 1.885618 2.919986 4.30265 6.96456 9.92484 31.5991

5. Find the rejection region.3 0.276671 0.764892 1.637744 2.353363 3.18245 4.54070 5.84091 12.9240

4 0.270722 0.740697 1.533206 2.131847 2.77645 3.74695 4.60409 8.6103

6. Find the test statistic.
5 0.267181 0.726687 1.475884 2.015048 2.57058 3.36493 4.03214 6.8688

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 Rejection Regions

t
tc = - 9.811 - 4.032 0 + 4.032
– 4.032

7. Make your decision.

tc = –9.811 falls in the rejection region. Therefore, reject
the null hypothesis.
8. Interpret your decision.
There is a significant negative correlation between the
number of times absent and final grades.
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Exercises
1. Suppose you have computed an rc = 0.44 in a
study of 36 samples. Is it significant at 0.05
level? 0.01 level?

2. When a study was conducted to find out the

relationship of the number of homework given
to randomly selected 89 Grade 4 pupils and
their GPA in Mathematics, it resulted to a
correlation coefficient of -0.71. Is this value
significant at .05 level?

What if this result was obtained from 25 pupil-

samples only? Will it still be significant?
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 THANK
YOU…
AK
1. t=2.85
2. t=-9.40

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