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Powers7 PPT Cha02
Powers7 PPT Cha02
Chapter
Objectives
Outline
Dependent variable,
changes as a function
of exercise intensity.
Independent variable
Figure 2.1
Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Homeostasis: Dynamic Constancy
• Homeostasis
– Maintenance of a constant and “normal” internal
environment
• Steady state
– Physiological variable is unchanging, but not
necessarily “normal”
– Balance between demands placed on body and the
body’s response to those demands
– Examples:
Body temperature
Arterial blood pressure
Figure 2.2
Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Homeostasis: Dynamic Constancy
Figure 2.3
Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Homeostasis: Dynamic Constancy
In Summary
An increase in temperature
above the set point signals the
air conditioner to turn on.
Figure 2.4
Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Nature of the Control Systems
Negative Feedback
• Response reverses the initial disturbance in
homeostasis
• Example:
– Increase in extracellular CO2 triggers a receptor
– Sends information to respiratory control center
– Respiratory muscles are activated to increase
breathing
– CO2 concentration returns to normal
• Most control systems work via negative feedback
Positive Feedback
• Response increases the original stimulus
• Example:
– Initiation of childbirth stimulates receptors in cervix
– Sends message to brain
– Release of oxytocin from pituitary gland
– Oxytocin promotes increased uterine contractions
In Summary
Figure 2.6
Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Examples of Homeostatic Control
Figure 2.7
Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Examples of Homeostatic Control
Clinical Applications 2.1
Failure of a Biological Control System
Results in Disease
Figure 2.8
Copyright ©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Exercise: A Test of Homeostatic Control
Exercise
In Summary
Study Questions