TE2101

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
DR. SUMUDU EDIRISINGHE
LESSON3: MODULATION & MULTIPLEXING
QUICK RECAP

• Guided wave systems

• Twisted pair and Co-axial
• Fibre
• Loss & Dispersion
• Network architectures
• Direct, Star and Ring networks
• Switching
• Digital vs Analog (Packets)
• 7 Layer model

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TODAY’S PLAN

• Look at concepts of
• Modulation
• AM
• FM/PM
• Multiplexing
• TDM
• FDM

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MODULATION

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TYPES OF SIGNAL

Human Voice

Television

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TELECOM SPECTRUM

Permeable

Semi
Permeable

Line of
Sight

• Apart from twisted pair all other media operate at 10kHz and above
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WHAT IS MODULATION

• Telecommunication channels operate at a higher frequency

• Often exhibit a bandpass response
• Modulation is the process of converting your information (data signal) to a signal
that be transmitted over the chosen telecommunication channel
• Usually information (baseband signal) is mixed with a sinewave wave (carrier signal)
at a frequency matching the channel
• The reverse process should be performed at the receiver to recover the signal
• Usually by mixing the received signal with a carriers wave and low-pass filtering

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION
TYPES OF MODULATION
• Analog
• Amplitude modulation (AM)
• Frequency modulation (FM)
• Phase modulation (PM)
• Digital
• Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
• Frequency shift keying (FSK)
• Phase shift keying (PSK)
• Multi level systems
• Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
• Quadrature amplitude modulation
(QAM)
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 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
• Base band signal is erratic
• Has many frequency components
• Non deterministic
• Carrier signal
X
• Sinewave of high frequency to
match the channel
• AM signal
• Mixing product of base band and
carrier signals
• Creates a signal where the
amplitude of the carriers signal
changes with the base band signal
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FREQUENCY DOMAIN REPRESENTATION - MODULATION
DOUBLE SIDE BAND SUPPRESSED CARRIER (DSB-SC) MODULATION

-W 0 W f

-Fc 0 Fc f

Upper & Lower

side bands

f
-Fc-W -Fc+W 0 Fc-W Fc+W
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DSB-SC MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION

• Assume baseband signal is m(t) • Question

• Bandwidth of the signal is 2W • If m(t) = Am cos (2π Fm t)
• Carrier signal is x(t) = Ac cos(2π Fc t) • where 2 Fm << Fc
• Ac is the amplitude of the sinewave • Calculate the expression of
the DSB-SC signal
• Fc is the frequency
• Draw the frequency
• Fc >> 2W
representation
• Now the modulated signal is y(t) = m(t) . x(t)
• y(t) = m(t) . Ac cos(2π Fc t)

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 DEMODULATION OF DSB-SC

f
-Fc-W -Fc+W 0 Fc-W Fc+W
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-Fc 0 Fc f

-2Fc-W -2Fc+W -W 0 W 2Fc-W 2Fc+W

DSB-SC DEMODULATORS

• Using a pilot tone • Extracting carrier signal

• At the receiver the signal can be • Using a Phase locked loop and a
modulated using a new carrier signal balanced receiver a carrier signal can
which is similar to the one used at be generated from the received signal
transmitter
• Getting an exact replica is always
difficult

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DSB-SC DE-MODULATION MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION

• The modulated signal is y(t) = m(t) . x(t) • Question

• y(t) = m(t) . Ac cos(2π Fc t) • Show the demodulation
• Carrier signal is x(t) = Ad cos(2π Fc t) process for the signal from
previous question using a
• Now the de-modulated signal is demodulation carrier signal
• z(t) = y(t) . x(t) = m(t) . x(t) . x(t) shown below
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• y(t) = m(t) . Ac Ad cos2 (2π Fc t) Am
cos (2π Fc t)
= m(t) . Ac Ad [1 + cos (4π Fc t)]/2 • Show the frequency
• If Ad is adjusted so that Ac Ad = 2 representation
• y(t) = m(t) + m(t). cos (4π Fc t)
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DSB-SC

• Both sidebands are transmitted both • Question

carrying the same information • Assume that the mixing signal at the
• Wastes energy receiver is Ac cos(2π Fc t+Δθ)
• Demodulation of DSB-SC requires an exact Δθ is the phase error
replica of the carrier signal at the receiver Now calculate the output of the modulation
• This process adds complexity and cost process (after the low pass filter)
• Envelop detection method overcomes this
limitation
• Carrier signal is transmitter with the base
signal
• Detection is done using a simple lowpass
filter
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SINGLE SIDE BAND MODULATION (SSB-SC)

f
-Fc-W -Fc+W 0 Fc-W Fc+W

• Using a high pass filter one of the side bands can be removed
• This will not affect the information
• Transmission will be more efficient
• Can be demodulated similar to DSB-SC
• However, finding a perfect high-pass filter is not possible
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VESTIGIAL SIDE BAND MODULATION (VSB-SC)

f
-Fc-W -Fc+W 0 Fc-W Fc+W

• SSB-SC is not practical due to filtering of one of the side bands

• VSB achieves better efficiency compared to DSB
• Uses a more practical filter
• Residual parts of lower side band remains
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ENVELOPE DETECTION

-W 0 W f

-W 0 W f

f
-Fc-W -Fc+W 0 Fc-W Fc+W
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CONVENTIONAL AM (ENVELOPE)
• A d.c. component is added to the information signal
• All signal components have a +ve voltage
• x(t) = 1 + m(t) assuming the original signal had a 2Vpk-pk amplitude
• The modulated signal y(t) = [ 1 + m(t) ] . Ac cos(2π Fc t)
= Ac cos(2π Fc t) + m(t) . Ac cos(2π Fc t)
• The carrier information is now transmitted. The signal can now be detected
easily
• This known as conventional AM and used in your AM radio

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CONVENTIONAL AM DEMODULATION

a.c. coupling

Output signal

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ANGLE MODULATION
ANGLE MODULATION
• Instead of changing the amplitude of signal
the frequency (FM) or the phase (PM) of
carrier is varied according to the data
signal
• Amplitude of the signal remains constant
m(t)  Ac cos[ ωc t + θ(t) ]
• For frequency modulation ωc t is varied as
a function of the message signal
ωc t = F [ Vm(t) ]
• For phase modulation θ(t) is varied as a
function of the message signal
θ(t) = F [ Vm(t) ]
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TYPES OF ANGLE MODULATION

• Frequency modulation • Phase modulation

• Frequency of the carrier is changed • Phase angle of the carrier is changed
proportionally to the message signal proportionally to the message signal

• Frequency of the carrier is varied • Phase of the carrier is varied

• Phase will vary indirectly • Frequency will vary indirectly

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FREQUENCY MODULATION

• The modulated FM signal is described

by fc

𝑡
• y(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ‫׬‬0 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

fc-Δf
• 𝑘𝑓 is a constant which is related to

fc+Δf
Δf Δf
corresponding frequency relative to the
maximum frequency deviation Δf

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FM - EXAMPLE
• Deriving the formula for a complex wave after modulation is complicated
• Hence assume that the message signal is a sinewave
• m(t) = cos (ωmt) where ωm = 2π fm which is the modulating frequency
𝑡 𝑡
• y(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ‫׬‬0 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ‫׬‬0 cos (ωmt) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽 sin 𝜔𝑐 𝑡
β = Δf / fm is known as the deviation ratio
• y(t) can be expressed as a Bessel series
y(t) = σ∞𝑛=−∞ 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 cos 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝐽𝑛 𝛽 is known as the Bessel function
• y(t) =J0(β) cos(ωc)t + J1(β) cos(ωc+ωm)t + J-1(β) cos(ωc-ωm)t + J2(β) cos(ωc+2ωm)t + J-
2(β) cos(ωc-2ωm)t + ….
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FREQUENCY MODULATION – FREQUENCY DOMAIN

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FM MODULATOR
• Modulator
• This can be replaced by a VCO
(voltage control oscillator)

• Demodulator
• FM is converted to a AM signal
• Demodulation is done similar
conventional AM

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QUESTION

• Compare AM and FM and list all the advantages and disadvantages

• Compare the advantages and disadvantages of SSB, VSB, DSB and conventional
AM

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PHASE MODULATION

• Instead of the frequency of the carrier the

phase of the carrier is changed
• However, in Analog transmission phase
modulation is not commonly used

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FURTHER RESEARCH

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfz1FbIOMbs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D65KXwfDs3s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9geo28ST7g

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MULTIPLEXING

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WHY MULTIPLEXING
• The channel resources due to under utilization

Time domain

150kHz 150kHz 150kHz 150kHz 150kHz

Frequency domain

88 MHz 95 MHz (Neth FM) 108 MHz 33

TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING
• Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
• Using the unallocated spectrum to carry
other channels
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWDRq
morZgI
• Time division multiplexing (TDM)
• Using the unallocated time to carry other
channels
• Usually not used in analog
• Common place in digital
• https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=pL3jnnue9Hc
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QUESTION

• Make a list of the frequencies and bandwidths used by Sri Lankan TV channels
which use broadcast vis radio waves
• Make a list of the frequencies and bandwidths of FM radio channels in Sri Lanka

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ANY QUESTIONS?

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