ANATOMY OF NOSE & TONGUE

Ab. Rashid Bin Jusoh

B. HSci., M. Med. Sci. (Anatomy)
Biomedicine
Objective
 At the end of the lecture student should be
able to:
 Describe the macro and microstructure of
nose and tongue
 Describe the basic function of nose and
tongue
Nose
 Contains 10-100 millions receptor for sense of smell
or olfaction within olfactory epithelium
 Occupy superior part of nasal cavity
 Olfactory epithelium consists
3 types of cells
- Olfactory receptor
- Supporting cells
- Basal cells
Structure of nose

 Consist of:
1. external nose
2. nasal cavity
 Blood supply of external nose
 Skin of external nose(opthlamic and maxillary
artery)
 Skin of ala and lower part of
septum(branches from facial artery)
Nerves supply of external nose
 Infratrochlear and external nasal branches of
ophthalmic nerves (CN V)
 Infraorbital branch of maxillary nerves (CN V)
Blood supply of Nasal Cavity
 Branches of maxillary artery (mainly
sphenopalatine artery)
Nerves supply of Nasal Cavity
 Olfactory sensation: olfactory nerves (CN I)
 General sensation: branches of ophthalmic (V1)
division and maxillary division (V2) of CN V
Olfactory mucosa

 Located on roof and

part of wall of nasal
cavity
 Lining by
pseudostatified
epithelium
Olfactory mucosa

 Olfactory epithelium
consist:
 Olfactory receptors
cells
 Supporting cells

 Basal cells

 Brush cells
Olfactory mucosa, human, Azan X 75 and X
375
Clinical application
 Hyposmia
- Reduce ability to smell
- Effect ½ of people with age > 65 & 70% in
age > 80
- Causes : Smoking, head injury, Alzheimer
disease and etc.
Structure of Tongue
 Learning Objective

 Student should be able to describe:

1. Macroscopic structure of tongue
2. Microscopic structure of tongue and taste
buds
 The Tongue
 The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth.
 It forms part of the floor of the oral cavity and part of the
anterior wall of the oropharynx.
 The apex of tongue is anterior part in the oral cavity and is
directed anteriorly and sits behind the incisor teeth.
 The root of tongue is attached
to the mandible and the hyoid
bone.
 Body of tongue separated
from root by sulcus terminalis
The Tongue

 It is covered with moist, pink tissue called mucosa.

Tiny bumps called papillae give the tongue its
rough texture.
 Three types of papilla
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Vallate
Ventral Surface The Tongue

 Its ventral surface is covered by non-keratinized

stratified squamous epithelium and the dorsal
surface is covered by various papillae.
 Connected to the floor of mouth by fold of
mucosa: frenulum
Dorsal surface of tongue
 The dorsal surface of the
tongue is divided into an
anterior 2/3 or oral part and a
posterior 1/3 or pharyngeal
part by a prominent sulcus
terminalis
 Sulcus terminalis – groove
separates the tongue into two
areas:
Dorsal surface of tongue (oral part)
 The oral part of the tongue has a velvety appearance, since
its mucous membrane is covered by small projections called
papillae.
 Three types of papilla
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Vallate
 Dorsal surface of tongue(oral part)
- The filiform papillae are conical, elongated projection of
CT covered with hard keratinized epithelium.
- The fungiform papillae easily identified, are mushroom-
shaped and slightly higher than surrounding filiform
papillae. To the naked eye, they appear as red spots on the
tongue. The paler staining regions are taste buds.
 Dorsal surface of tongue(oral part)
- The circumvallate papillae are much larger than fungiform
papillae, with numerous taste buds.
 Structure of Taste Bud
 Contains 3 types of epithelial cells
 Supporting cells
 Gustatory receptor cells
 Gustatory hair projects from receptor through taste pore
 Basal cells
 Stem cells that produce supporting cells that develop into
receptor cells (10-day life span)
Dorsal surface of tongue(pharyngeal part)
- The pharyngeal surface of the tongue lies just behind a row
of very large vallate papillae which form the sulcus
terminalis .
- The mucosa covering the pharyngeal surface of the tongue
is irregular in contour because of the many small nodules of
lymphoid tissue in the submucosa.
- These nodules are collectively
the lingual tonsil.
There are no papillae on the pharyngeal
surface.
Muscles of the tongue

 The muscles of the

tongue can be divided
into:
I. Extrinsic muscles
II. Intrinsic muscles
(allow for shape change
with fibers in various
directions) (superior
longitudinal, inferior
longitudinal ,transverse
and vertical muscles)
Muscles of the tongue

 Extrinsic muscles
serve to move the
tongue about in the
oral cavity.
 Intrinsic muscles act
to change the shape
of the tongue.
Extrinsic muscles of tongue

 There are four major

extrinsic tongue
muscles:
i. Hyoglossus
ii. Styloglossus
iii. Genioglossus

iv. Palatoglossus
Extrinsic muscles of tongue

 The hyoglossus,
attaches to the hyoid
bone and pulls the
tongue down and
posterior or retracts
and depresses
 The styloglossus,
attaches to the styloid
process and retracts
and elevates the
tongue.
Extrinsic muscles of tongue
 The genioglossus,
attaches to the anterior
extreme of the mandible
and acts to pull the
tongue forward or
protrude it.
 The palatoglossus
attaches to the palate
and pulls root of tongue
upward and backward.
 Extrinsic muscles
Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Body of hyoid; Hypoglossal nerve Protrudes tongue;

Superior mental entire length of [XII] depresses center
Genioglossus
tubercles tongue of tongue

Hyoglossus Greater horn and Lateral surface of Hypoglossal nerve Depresses tongue
adjacent part of tongue [XII]
body of hyoid bone

Styloglossus Styloid process Lateral surface of Hypoglossal nerve Elevates and

(anterolateral tongue [XII] retracts tongue
surface)

Inferior surface of Lateral margin of Vagus nerve [X] Depresses palate;

palatine tongue (via pharyngeal moves
aponeurosis branch to palatoglossal fold
Palatoglossus pharyngeal plexus) toward midline;
elevates back of
the tongue
Blood supply of tongue

 Arterial blood supply :

 The main artery is the lingual artery which a
branch of the external carotid artery.
 Also by tonsillar branch of facial artery and
ascending pharyngeal artery

 Venous drainage
 Dorsal lingual and deep lingual
veins.
Tongue Innervations

 Sensory
innervations

 Motor innervations
Sensory innervations

 The anterior 2/3 of the tongue is

carried by :
 The lingual nerve, a major
branch of the mandibular nerve
(a branch of the trigeminal
nerve, (CN V)for general
sensation.
 The chorda tympani (a branch
of the facial nerve (CN VII) that
runs in the lingual nerve) for
taste.
Sensory innervations
 The posterior 1/3 of the tongue
and the vallate papillae are
supplied by the
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN
IX) for both general sensation
and taste.
Motor innervations

 All muscles of the tongue

are innervated by the
hypoglossal nerve (the
twelfth cranial nerve, (CN
XII)
 EXCEPT-
PALATOGLOSSUS
(Vagus nerve)
Clinical application
 Taste aversion
- Link between taste and pleasant or
unpleasant emotion
- Avoid food if it upset the digestive system
- Drugs and radiation cause and GIT upset
References

 Richard S. Snell. 2008. Clinical Anatomy

By Region. Wolter Kluwer, Lippincott
William and Wilkins. 8th edition.
 Michael H. Ross, Wojciech Pawlina.
(2005). Histology, A Text and Atlas. With
Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology, 5th
Edition. Chapter 14. pp: 429 – 433.
Thank you