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Thermodynamic Cycles
Thermodynamic Cycles
1 2
4
Heat
4
P Added
s
v
5 T v s Expansion
3
s v 3
5
Compression s v
1 2, 6
V 1,2,6
Heat S
Rejected
Thermal efficiency
V4 V3 1
thus where rc: compression ratio
V5 V2 rc
Thermal efficiency
• After some algebra:
1 1
th,otto rc
Differences:
• Heat Loss to valves, cylinder walls
• Incomplete combustion
• Friction
• Blow by, valves leak
• Throttling (Pexhaust Pintake)
Diesel Cycle
Combustion Stratified charge engine
2 3
Expansion - fuel injected after air compressed
P
- heat release doesn’t occur instantly
4
Compression since fuel will take more time to
burn than in the premixed case.
6 1,5 This is bec. fuel must mix,
V vaporize, than burn. Takes time.
- To model this, combustion process
assumed to occur at increasing
New ratio V3/V2 introduced volume, constant pressure
Diesel Cycle
V3
Define: β depends on the heat input
V2
1 β 1
can show: th,diesel 1
β 1
rc
thus:
th,diesel th,otto
and:
th,diesel th,otto when =1
Ideal Brayton Cycle
(Gas Turbines)
1. Isentropic Compression (1->2)
2. Constant pressure heat addition (2->3)
3. Isentropic expansion (3->4)
4. Constant pressure heat rejection (4->1)
2 3
P
Combustor 2 3
.
m 4
Wnet
1 Wc
4
Compressor Turbine 1
V
Ideal Brayton Cycle
Heat
Added 3
P
2 3
T Expansion
s
v
2
4
4 Compression s v
1
1 Heat
Rejected
s
V
Ideal Brayton Cycle
cp T T
Wc m
2 1
m
c
T T T T
Wnet = Wt – Wc = p 3 4 2 1
cp T T
Wt m
3 4
W 1
( ) / P
Qin m
cp T T
net 1
where PR= 2
3 2
th Q PR
in
P
1
cp T T
Qout m
4 1
1
P T2 T3
Note:
2
P T1 T4
1