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Durability Modified
Durability Modified
Durability Modified
STRUCTURES
Concrete – Is it trouble free?
• MANDOVI BRIDGE IN GOA WAS OPENED TO
TRAFFIC IN 1972 AND FAILED IN JULY 1989.
1. CEMENTITIOUS
CONCRETE
MATERIAL
2. COHESIVE
S DNEP E D
NO
3. COMACTION
NO
S DNEP E D
4. CURING
5. COVER
6. CRACK
WIDTH
1.W/C ratio
1.Cement
•Its content
Quality
•Minm
1. Air
•Extent •Gel
•Workable •Heat of
•Integrity formation Voids
hydration
•C3A content
Factors effecting
STRENGTH Factors effecting PERMEABILITY
Beneficial factors/actions against
this
• Increase in depth of cover
• Low W/C ratio to minimize capillaries
• High cement content – providing high level
of alkalinity
• Efficient curing of adequate duration
• Coatings forming barrier to surface
Effect of w/c ratio on permeability
• Concrete produced with low water to cement ratio displays low
coefficient of permeability of concrete as compared to concrete
produced with high water cement ratio
• The coefficient of permeability of concrete made using same
materials but with different W/C ratios.
Coefficient of Permeability for different W/C ratio
•
• Sr. No. Water Cement Ratio Coefficient of Permeability (Valenta)
1 0.35 1x 10-3
2 0.50 10 x 10-3
3 0.65 1000 x 10.–3
Effect of Curing
Permeability (m2 x 10-17 ) Porosity (%)
Curing 1 3 7 28 90 1 3 7 28 90
(days)
W/C
0.32 5.60 0.30 0.12 0.00 0.00 20.8 19.7 14.4 9.8 5.9
0.40 18.70 0.59 0.07 0.07 0.00 33.3 28.6 20.9 16.8 11.1
0.50 214.0 14.70 2.35 0.19 0.00 43.5 37.8 32.2 20.8 14.5
LIFE OF BRIDGES-
CBC Cl. 16.1.3
• IN SEA 50 YEARS
BRIDGE WORK-STEEL 60
BRIDGE MASONARY 100
STRUCTURES-STEEL 60
STRUC.-MASON& 65
CONCRETE
RCC BRIDGE WORK 60
PSC BRIDGE WORK 40
HOW TO BUILD DURABLE
STRUCTURES
• DURABLE STRUCTURES ARE TO BE
- CONCEPTUALISED
- DESIGNED AND DETAILED
- SPECIFIED
- CONTRACTED
- SUPERVISED
- CONSTRUCTED ( TO BE RUTHLESSLY
DEMOLISHED IF NOT CONSTRUCTED
AS SPECIFIED)
- MAINTAINED
DURABILITY
• FUNCTION OF
1. SELECTION OF PROPER FORM
2. PROPER DESIGN
3. CHOICE OF PROPER MATERIALS
4.GOOD QUALITY CONTROL
5. MAINTAINABILITY
FORM
• ASSESSMENT OF LOADS
- FUTURE EXPECTED LOADS
-DERAILMENT CONDITION
- ERECTION LOADS
-TEMP. ACROSS X SECTION
-OCCASIONAL LOADS
• PROPER DUCTILE DETAILING OF
REINF.
• CRACK WIDTH CONTROL
CONTINUED- 1
• MINIMUM RESIDUAL
COMPRESSION(5%) BE ALLOWED
IN EXTREME FIBRES IN PSC
GIRDERS, IN SERVICE CONDN.
• DEPTH OF PENETRATION OF
MOISTURE SHOULD NOT EXCEED
25 MM.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume
Galvanic corrosion
• More anodic metal releases ions when
two different metals are in electrical
contact in moist atmosphere
Atmospheric corrosion
• High humidity level ( > 65 %)
• The corrosion velocity is doubled for every
10o C increase in temperature.
• Air pollution
– SO2 in air
– The sulphur dioxide creates H2SO3 which
is oxidized to sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
which increases the corrosion velocity.
Correction to CBC
Environme Exposure condition
nt
BEAM/ 60 50 40 35
GIRDER
COLUMN75 75 75 50
WELL/PI 75 75 75 50
LE/Foot
Correction to CBC – Cover to
reinforcement
Type of Extreme Severe Moderate
Structure
Slab 50 35 25
Beam/Girder 60 50 35
Column 75 75 50
Well/ pile & 75 75 50
footing
Existing Provisions CBC
Minimum Cementitious Material
Kg/m3
Environment PCC RCC PSC
Mild 210 300 350
Moderate 250 300 400
Severe 250 350 430
Very Severe 300 400 440
Extreme 300 400 440
MINIMUM CEMENT
CONTENT Cl.5.5.4 OF CBC
Exposure PCC RCC PSC (Kg?
(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) m3)
MILD 300 350 400
MODER. 350 400 400
SEVERE 350 400 430
VERY 400 430 430
SEVERE
Extreme 400 430 440
MILD 0.50
MODERATE 0.45
SEVERE 0.40
Extreme/V. M 30 M 30 M 50
Severe/sever
e
Correction to CBC – Min grade m
of Concrete
For Important Bridges and PSC work
Structural Moderate Severe Extreme
Member exposure exposure Exposur
e
PCC Member M-25 M-30 M-35
RCC Member M-30 M-35 M-40
PSC Member M-35 M-40 M-45
For Bridges not covered above
PCC Member M-15 M-20 M-25
RCC Member M-20 M-25 M-30
OTHER REQTS FOR
DURABILITY
• PROPER DRAINAGE
ARRANGEMENTS
• COVER BLOCKS IN THE SAME
GRADE OF CONCRETE
• BINDING WIRES TO BE
GALVANISED
• PROTECTIVE COATINGS TO REINF.
AND CONCRETE SURFACE