T1

Redes Inalámbricas – Tema 1
General concepts
An overall view of:
 Technologies
 MANETs networks
 Applications
 Devices
 References
 Acknowledgments
 Mark Weiser
 Vint Cerf
 Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, “Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 2nd
edition. Addison-Wesley, July 2002
REDES INALÁMBRICAS Máster de Ingeniería de Computadores 2008/2009

General concepts
Technologies

3
Various types of wireless technologies

MIC 2008/2009
 Network telephony. Various generations:

 GSM  GPRS, HSCSD;
 UMTS  HSDPA
 Satellites:
 Satellites Geostationary Earth Orbit
(GEO)
 Example: Inmarsat
 Satellites Low-Earth Orbit (LEO)
 Example : Iridium (66 satellites) (2.4
Kbps data)
 Infrared: IrDA
 Ultra-Wide Band (UWB)
 RFID
 Zigbee
 …
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
 WiFi
 WiMax
 Bluetooth
4
Wireless Data Networks

MIC 2008/2009
 Wireless networks are the best option for mobile devices:

 Easy instalation
no problem with cables
 Systems easily expandable according to the needs
 Shared acces to Internet
 There is no need to "plug" and "unplug"
Personal Area Local Area Wide Area
Cellular Systems
Wireless LAN
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
PAN GSM,
IEEE 802.11, GPRS, EDGE
Bluetooth
HiperLAN/2 UMTS
5
Uses of WLANs
MIC 2008/2009
“CORPORATE CAMPUS”
“HOME OFFICE”
• COMMON AREAS,
• MEETING ROOMS,
• LABORATORIES,
• TEMPORARY OFFICE
“HOT SPOTS”
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
• AIRPORTS
• HOTELS
• CONVENTION CENTER
6
Uses of WPAN
MIC 2008/2009
Mobile/Smart HH
STB/Media Center
PC
BT Model UWB Model

Photo/Printer Mass Storage
Substitute cables
Personal ad hoc connectivity
HDTV
KB, Mouse
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
DVC
Voice, Stereo Audio
DSC
7
Mobility
MIC 2008/2009
 There are several types of mobility

 Physical mobility (of the devices)
 off line connectivity: portable
 on line connectivity : mobile
 Logical mobility:
 Of the processes
 Of the applications “ubiquitous computing”
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
8
Mobility and the applications

MIC 2008/2009
 Bandwidth variability
 Applications should adapt. E.g., a videoconferencing application could vary the
image size or its quality when varying the bandwidth.
 Disconnection
 Allow asynchronous operations, pre-fetching, caching, weak consistency, ...
 Security and privacy
 The wireless channels are prone to "wiretapping''(snooping)
 Who should be given access to the location information? How much accurate
should be this information?
 Energy management:
 stop discs, turn off the screen, standby mode of the CPU, put to sleep the network
card, …
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
9
General view
MIC 2008/2009
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
“Mobile ad hoc networking: imperatives and challenges”, Imrich Chlamtac, Marco Conti, Jennifer J.-N. Liu, Ad Hoc Networks, Elsevier, 1 (2003).
General concepts
Devices

11
Sensors
MIC 2008/2009
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
Mica Hardware Platform: The Mica sensor node (left) with the Mica
Weather Board developed for environmental monitoring applications
12
Commercial Motes
MIC 2008/2009
 Processor: 4MHz, 8bit CPU

 Memory: Prog RAM Memory (128 KB), Data RAM (4KB)
On-Board Flash (512 KB)
 Radio: 916 Mhz, 52K bps (150-300m max range)
 Antenna: On-board, optional external
 OS: TinyOS from Berkeley
 Battery: 2xAA, coin cell (sleep often, sleep deep)
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http://www.xbow.com
REDES INALÁMBRICAS MIC 2008/2009 13
Mobile devices: PDA and phones

Mobile devices: PDA and phones

15
Mobile devices: notebooks/laptops

MIC 2008/2009
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
Mobile devices : tablet PC

17
More devices (Information/Internet Appliances)

MIC 2008/2009
Web-enabled toaster+weather forecaster
IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
World’s smallest web server

http://www.webservusb.com/
Screenfridge
18
More devices (Information/Internet Appliances)

MIC 2008/2009
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
General concepts
MANETs networks

20
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)

MIC 2008/2009
 Networks formed by mobile wireless nodes.

 Do not use any existing infrastructure
 There are hybrid solutions known as "mesh networks“
 In a MANET mobility has a crucial importance.
 routes vary over time
 partitioning
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
21
Why ad hoc networks?

MIC 2008/2009
 The ad hoc networks can be deployed in a flexible manner in

environments that have no fixed infrastructure
 Having a fixed wired infrastructure or access points is not always
possible or feasible
 It is not economically viable or interesting
 It is not practical in temporary environments
 It may have been destroyed, for example, due to natural disasters
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
22
A “clear” example: vehicular networks

MIC 2008/2009
 About “smart cars” and “smart roads”.  They car offer:

On-board systems “talk” with the “road”.  Cooperative driver assistance:
 Emergency notification
 Overtaking assistance
 Obstacle warning
 Decentralized floating car data:
 Traffic jam monitor
 Dynamic navigation
 Route weather forecast
 User communications and
information services:
 Hot-spot Internet access
 Inter-vehicle chat
 Distributed games
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
General concepts
Applications: UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING

24
Ubiquitous Computing
MIC 2008/2009
 Mark Weiser
– The father of “Ubiquitous Computing” (1988)
Definitions
 Ubiquitous computing is the method of enhancing computer use by making many
computers available throughout the physical environment, but making them
effectively invisible to the user
– Mark Weiser
Mark Weiser (1952-1999) was the chief technology officer at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center
(Parc). He is often referred to as the father of ubiquitous computing. He coined the term in 1988 to
describe a future in which invisible computers, embedded in everyday objects, replace PCs. Other
research interests included garbage collection, operating systems, and user interface design. He
received his MA and PhD in computer and communication science at the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor. After completing his PhD, he joined the computer science department at the University of
Maryland, College Park, where he taught for 12 years. He wrote or cowrote over 75 technical
publications on such subjects as the psychology of programming, program slicing, operating systems,
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
programming environments, garbage collection, and technological ethics. He was a member of the
ACM, IEEE Computer Society, and American Association for the Advancement of Science. Weiser
passed away in 1999. Visit www.parc.xerox.com/csl/members/weiser or contact
communications@parc.xerox.com for more information about him.
M. Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century Scientific American, 1991 Mark Weiser (1952-1999)
http://www-sul.stanford.edu/weiser/
25
Ubiquitous Computing
MIC 2008/2009
What Ubiquitous Computing is! Ubiquitous Computing: And old vision
 Information technology everywhere

 Is a paradigm shift where technology becomes virtually
invisible in our lives  “Calm Technology”
 It needs
1. Smart Objects  embedded processors
2. Wireless Technology to interconnect them
What Ubiquitous Computing is not!

 Mobility itself doesn’t lead to UbiComp
 Multimedia itself doesn’t lead to UbiComp either
 Virtual reality neither
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
26
Virtual reality vs ubiquitous computing

MIC 2008/2009
 Virtual Reality
 World in the computer
 Ubiquitous Computing
 Computers in the world
(paradigm inversion)
 drawing computers out of their
electronic shells
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
27
The new paradigm

MIC 2008/2009
 Environment-centric instead of computer-centric or Context-centric

instead of desktop-centric
• Ubiquitous Computing
 Generic Features — Human - environment
1. Transparent interfaces • Context-Aware Applications.
— Flexible and adaptable services
 Invisible interfaces that Provide
interaction between user and application
Smart Home. A realistic

scenario?
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
Transparent
Interfaces
Awareness of
Context(s)
Capture Experience
28
The new paradigm

MIC 2008/2009
 Generic Features
2. Awareness of context
 Context  information about the environment with which the
application is associated.
 LOCATION and TIME are simple examples of context !
 Computing context vs User context vs physical context ?
Sinks
Public Auto Context Why is context needed?

CAApp
Display Diary Browser
Spaces
Context
Context
Data
Data Layer
Layer
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
Sources
Manual
Sensor Environment Preferences Transparent
Input Interfaces
Awareness of
Context(s)
Generic Context Model
Capture Experience
29
The new paradigm

MIC 2008/2009
 Generic Features
3. Capture experience
 To capture our day-to-day experience and make it available for future use.
 To acquires knowledge from places visited to server future visitors
 Research challenges
 Multiple streams of information
 Their time synchronization
 Their correlation and integration
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
Smart carpets (Infineon)

30
Smart Devices
MIC 2008/2009
 MediaCup (Teco, MediaCup)

 Sensing, processing, and communication capabilities
 Periodically broadcasting state of cup
 Applications:
 Visualizing state of cup
 Infering and indicating meetings through aggregation of cups
…
 MIT Media Lab – Shoes
 Broadcast ID every 3 to 5 steps
 Applications …
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
31
Applications
MIC 2008/2009
 Infostations
 Used in many modern museums
 Infostation near an exhibit provides
detailed information
 Visitors approach infostation
 Offer of information
 User preferences
 Language
 Level of detail
 …
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
Oceanis, Wilhelmshaven
32
More examples at MIT

MIC 2008/2009
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
http://ttt.media.mit.edu/
General concepts
Applications: RURAL COMMUNICATIONS

34
Global survey on rural communications

MIC 2008/2009
 Rural communications on the global agenda

 Connecting villages with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and
establishing community access points
 Benefits
 E-business and e-commerce could play an important role in enabling local artisans
to reach national and international markets
Over 40% of the world’s population lives in rural and remote areas of developing
countries and have difficult or no access to even basic telecommunications services.
Development of telecommunications in rural and remote areas, therefore forms an
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
important mission of the ITU Development sector.
Yasuhiko Kawasumi, “Rural communications on the global agenda,” Global Survey on Rural
Communications for the ITU-D on Communications for rural and remote areas.
35
Rural populations and their ICT needs

MIC 2008/2009
 Needs of rural people in connection with e-services

 E-health, e-education and e-administration top the list as primary needs
 E-business and e-banking also scored highly
ITU-D global survey, Doc 111/SG2
For many rural areas, electricity

supply is simply non-existent or
insufficient
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
Telemedicine Training in Bhutan by Tokai University: Tokai University Institute of Medical

Sciences donated the medical equipments with ICT functions and provided the training on the use of
equipments. Tokai University Second Opinion center provides the assistance service over the internet
when requested by the Bhutanese ends.
36
Optimal Technologies to connect Rural Communities

MIC 2008/2009
 Question 1: What are the requirements for communications system in

rural areas
 Implementation should be possible at a low cost in areas where population density
is low
 The system can be easily installed, even in remote and inaccessible locations
 System operation and maintenance may be carried out even where qualified
technical personnel are scarce
 Implementation should be possible even when basic infrastructure such as mains
electricity, running water, paved road networks, etc., are absent
 Long life cycles
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
37

MIC 2008/2009
 Question 2: What are the choices of technologies for communications

in rural areas
 Mobile communications system (2G,GSM)
 Satellite communications system (VSAT)
 Terrestrial wireless communications system
Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, 802.16
 Copper wire including power line
 The final report of ITU Focus Group 7 on “New
technologies for rural applications” (2001)
recommended (WiFi) based on the IEEE 802.11 b/g
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
38

MIC 2008/2009
 Question 3: What is the advantage of wireless technologies for

communications in rural areas
 Provide significant life time cost benefits in rural areas in cases where cable
deployment is uneconomic.
 Provide easy and speedy installation in harsh terrain and extremely remote areas,
smaller investment increments and avoidance of copper cable theft.
 Provide lower maintenance cost and greater network flexibilities
 Question 4: How to finance the rural projects

 Giving priority to the rural communications projects funding system.
 Subsidy by the Universal Service Funds.
 Partnership with funding institutions and private sectors
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
39

MIC 2008/2009
 Question 5: What are the barriers for communications in the

environment of rural areas
 Scarcity and absence of reliable electricity supply, water, access roads and regular
transport
 Scarcity of technical personnel
 Difficult topographical conditions (lakes, rivers, hills, mountains, or deserts, etc.)
 Severe climatic conditions that make critical demands on the equipment.
 Low level of economic activity mainly based on agriculture, fishing, handicrafts,
etc.
 Low per capita income
 Underdeveloped social infrastructure (health, education)
 Low population density
 Low literacy rate
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
40
El Programa Telecentros
MIC 2008/2009
 ¿Qué es?
 El programa Telecentros se ha dirigido a los municipios de zonas rurales y a
núcleos urbanos desfavorecidos, a través de las Diputaciones, Cabildos y Consejos
insulares o, en su caso, Comunidades Autónomas uniprovinciales. La actuación
tuvo como principal objetivo facilitar el acceso a las nuevas tecnologías tanto a las
poblaciones rurales como a los colectivos menos integrados, a fin de lograr su
participación efectiva en la Sociedad de la Información.
 La actuación tiene como principal objetivo facilitar el acceso a las nuevas
tecnologías tanto a las poblaciones rurales como a los colectivos menos
integrados, a fin de lograr su participación efectiva en la Sociedad de la
Información.
 Actuaciones:
Conexiones a Internet de banda ancha en zonas rurales
y urbanas desfavorecidas.
Equipamiento de los Centros de Acceso Público a Internet.
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
Servicios de instalación, mantenimiento y atención al usuario.

Servicios de control y gestión del Centro.
Portales de servicios a poblaciones rurales.
Servicios de dinamización y formación
EU y las redes rurales

42
Mesh Networks
MIC 2008/2009
 Features
 Multi-hop Networks
 Automatic organization and maintenance
 Support for mobility (clients)
 Integration of technology access
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
43
MIT Roofnet
MIC 2008/2009
 MIT Roofnet: http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/roofnet/doku.php

 Wireless access to the MIT Computer Science Lab
1,25 squared miles
MIT Roofnet: Distribution
of nodes and quality of the
links
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
44
guifi.net
MIC 2008/2009
 Public WiFi network deployed basically in Cataluña

REDES INALÁMBRICAS
45
Other proposals
MIC 2008/2009
 Kingsbridge Link
 http://www.kblink.co.uk/
 Based on Linksys WRT54g
 panOULU
 http://www.panoulu.net/
 Finland
 Meraki
 http://meraki.com/
 San Francisco
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
 Fon
 http://www.fon.com/es/
General concepts
Applications: VANETs

47
Motivation
MIC 2008/2009
 Safety and transport efficiency

 In Europe around 40,000 people die and more than 1.5 millions are injured every
year on the roads
 Traffic jams generate a tremendous waste of time and of fuel
 Most of these problems can be solved by providing appropriate
information to the driver or to the vehicle
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
48
Passive Approach is not Enough

MIC 2008/2009
On foggy days
What’s in What’s
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
front of behind the

that bus ? bend ?
On rainy days
49
Vehicle Communication (VC)

MIC 2008/2009
 VC promises safer roads,
 … more efficient driving,

REDES INALÁMBRICAS
50
Vehicle Communication (VC)

MIC 2008/2009
 … more fun,
 … and easier maintenance.

REDES INALÁMBRICAS
51
Technologies for traffic safety systems

MIC 2008/2009
 Sensors
 Radars send narrow microwave beams (lidars – lazer beams) that are reflected
from objects and then received back by the radars
 Based on this information, the relative position and velocity of other objects can
be determined
 Limitations: local perception (require line-of-sight), utilization-related problems
(rain and snow, dust and mud), cost and integration within vehicles
 Computer vision
 Stereo cameras monitor the environment around a vehicle, and image processing
is used for determining dangerous situations, such as a possible collision or a
vehicle that dangerously approaches the lateral side of a road
 Limitations: first 2 in sensors, also low speed of image processing and large
number of false alarms
 Solution to these limitations – Vehicular communication…
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
52
Smart Vehicle (OBUs)

MIC 2008/2009
Event data recorder (EDR)

Positioning system
Forward radar
Communication
facility
Rear radar
Display Computing platform
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
Lot of Involved Technologies

54
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)

MIC 2008/2009
 Ad-Hoc Network:
 A network with minimal or no infrastructure
 Self-organizing
 Each node can act as the source of data, the destination for data and a network
router
 Vehicular Ad Hoc network (VANET)
 Uses equipped vehicles as the network nodes
 Nodes move at will relative to each other but within the constraints of the road
infrastructure
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
55
VANETs vs MANETs
MIC 2008/2009
 Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) are a special case of Mobile ad-hoc

networks (MANET)
 VANET constrained by
Predefined roads (e.g. one-way and multi-lane)
Vehicle velocities restricted by speed limits
Level of congestion in roads (e.g. urban or suburban)
Traffic control mechanisms (e.g. traffic light)
 VANET advantage by
Rechargeable source of energy
Equipped with devices with potentially longer transmission ranges. (e.g. adopt
WAVE and WiMAX)
etc.
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
56
VANETs vs MANETs
MIC 2008/2009
 Rapid Topology Changes

 High relative speed of vehicles => short link life
 Frequent Fragmentation
 Chunks of the net are unable to reach nodes in nearby regions
 Small Effective Network Diameter
 A path may cease to exist almost as quickly as it was discovered (reactive routing)
 Limited Redundancy
 The redundancy in MANETs is critical to providing additional bandwidth
 In VANETs the redundancy is limited both in time and in function
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
Lot of Involved Parties

General concepts
References

59
Official organizations
MIC 2008/2009
 ITU (before CCITT) in Europe:

 organized in: Study Groups  Working Parties  Expert Teams
 ISO is a member of ITU-T and includes ANSI, AENOR, UNI, DIN, ...
 organized in: TC  SC  WG
TC-97: Computers and Information processing
 phases: CD (committee draft)  DSI (draft international standard)  IS
(international standard)
 Other: IEEE, ACM, NIST, ...

REDES INALÁMBRICAS
60
Standards en Internet
MIC 2008/2009
 de-facto standards
 “Rough consensus and running code”, D. Clark
 Defined in documents called RFCs (Request For Comments) available on line:
http://www.rfc-editor.org/
1983 IAB (Internet Architecture Board)
1989 IRTF IETF
~1991 Internet Society

 Phases: Proposed standards  Draft Standard  Internet Standard
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
 Before getting to RFC we use Internet-Drafts which are working documents of

the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.
 https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/
61
Where to find up-to-date research references

MIC 2008/2009
 Journals and Magazines:

 IEEE Network Magazine
 IEEE Communications Magazine
 IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine
 IEEE Pervasive Computing
 IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
 IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
 IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications (JSAC)
 Conferences:
 MOBICOM, MOBIHOC, PIMRC, MWCN...
 ICC, ISCC, ICCN
 GLOBECOM
 INFOCOM
 SIGCOMM
REDES INALÁMBRICAS
 WWW
 A good starting point  http://www.grc.upv.es/
 Web pages of research groups
 Google…

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Redes Inalámbricas – Tema 1

REDES INALÁMBRICAS Máster de Ingeniería de Computadores 2008/2009

REDES INALÁMBRICAS Máster de Ingeniería de Computadores 2008/2009

Various types of wireless technologies

 Network telephony. Various generations:

Wireless Data Networks

 Wireless networks are the best option for mobile devices:

Personal Area Local Area Wide Area

BT Model UWB Model

 There are several types of mobility

Mobility and the applications

REDES INALÁMBRICAS Máster de Ingeniería de Computadores 2008/2009

 Processor: 4MHz, 8bit CPU

Mobile devices: PDA and phones

Mobile devices: PDA and phones

Mobile devices: notebooks/laptops

Mobile devices : tablet PC

More devices (Information/Internet Appliances)

Web-enabled toaster+weather forecaster

World’s smallest web server

More devices (Information/Internet Appliances)

REDES INALÁMBRICAS Máster de Ingeniería de Computadores 2008/2009

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)

 Networks formed by mobile wireless nodes.

Why ad hoc networks?

 The ad hoc networks can be deployed in a flexible manner in

A “clear” example: vehicular networks

 About “smart cars” and “smart roads”.  They car offer:

REDES INALÁMBRICAS Máster de Ingeniería de Computadores 2008/2009

What Ubiquitous Computing is! Ubiquitous Computing: And old vision

 Information technology everywhere

What Ubiquitous Computing is not!

Virtual reality vs ubiquitous computing

The new paradigm

 Environment-centric instead of computer-centric or Context-centric

Smart Home. A realistic

The new paradigm

Public Auto Context Why is context needed?

The new paradigm

Smart carpets (Infineon)

 MediaCup (Teco, MediaCup)

More examples at MIT

REDES INALÁMBRICAS Máster de Ingeniería de Computadores 2008/2009

Global survey on rural communications

 Rural communications on the global agenda

important mission of the ITU Development sector.

Rural populations and their ICT needs

 Needs of rural people in connection with e-services

ITU-D global survey, Doc 111/SG2

For many rural areas, electricity

Telemedicine Training in Bhutan by Tokai University: Tokai University Institute of Medical

Optimal Technologies to connect Rural Communities

 Question 1: What are the requirements for communications system in

Optimal Technologies to connect Rural Communities

 Question 2: What are the choices of technologies for communications

Optimal Technologies to connect Rural Communities

 Question 3: What is the advantage of wireless technologies for

 Question 4: How to finance the rural projects

Optimal Technologies to connect Rural Communities