Differential

Calculus
• The Derivative
• Differential Rules
• Application of Derivatives
• Derivatives of Exponential, Logarithmic, and
Trigonometric Functions
Find the equation of the line given the points (0,4)
and (4,12), also solve for its slope (m).

m=2
• What is the area of a rectangle if its length is 5m
and its width is 3m?

A=LxW

A = 15 m2
Find the equation of the line tangent to the graph of
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 at the point where x=2.

?????????????
What is the area of the figure below:

A = L x W ???

A = ????????
The Derivative
Derivative
• Is the slope of the tangent line of a function at a given point

The Derivative of a Function

The derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 with respect to x is the function
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 where

′ 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥)
m=𝑓 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Provided this limit exists. The domain of 𝑓 ′ consists of all x in the domain of 𝑓 for
which the limit exists.
Derivative
Other symbols used:

′
𝑑𝑦 ′
𝑓 𝑥 , , 𝑦, 𝑑𝑓 𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑥
Thus, if 𝑦 = √𝑥 then

1 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦′ = 𝑜𝑟 =
2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
Find the equation of the line tangent to the graph of
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4 at the point where x=2.

m=5

y = 5x - 4
Find the derivative 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 of the function 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥, 𝑥 > 0.

′
1
𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0.
2 𝑥
 1
Given 𝑓 𝑥 = ,
𝑥

a. Find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ;
b. Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 @ 𝑥 = 2
c. Find an equation of the line that is perpendicular to the tangent
line to the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 at x=2 and intersects it at the point of
tangency.

′ 1
a. 𝑓 𝑥 = − 2
𝑥
−1
b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 +1
4
15
c. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 −
2
3 conditions for a differentiable function:

1. The function must be continuous there.

2. The graph must be smooth there, with no sharp bend.

3. The tangent line must be oblique (slanted) or horizontal, not

vertical.
3 cases when a function is not differentiable:

1. discontinuity
3 cases when a function is not differentiable:

2. cusp
3 cases when a function is not differentiable:

3. Vertical tangent
Ex. Show that the absolute value of a function 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 is not differentiable at x=0.
Differentiation Rules
Differentiation Rules
1. The Constant Function Rule

If 𝑓 𝑥 = k, where k is a constant, then 𝑓′(𝑥) =0.

𝜋
Example: Given 𝑓 𝑥 = , find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 .
2

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0
Differentiation Rules
2. The Power Rule

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 , where n is a real number, then 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .

Example: Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 9, find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 .

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 9𝑥 8
Differentiation Rules
3. Constant Multiple Rule

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑔(𝑥) , where k is a constant, then 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑔′(𝑥).

Example: Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 , find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 .

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 20𝑥 3
Differentiation Rules
4.The Sum Rule

If the functions p 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑥 are differentiable and 𝑓 𝑥 =

𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑝′ 𝑥 + 𝑞′(𝑥)
5.The Difference Rule

If the functions p 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑥 are differentiable and 𝑓 𝑥 =

𝑝 𝑥 − 𝑞 𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑝′ 𝑥 − 𝑞′(𝑥)
 3 5
Ex. Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 −
𝑥2

10
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 12𝑥 2 + 3
𝑥
Ex. Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 = (2𝑥 − 3)2

′
𝑓 𝑥 = 8𝑥 − 12
Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2 at x=1

𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 5
Find the points on the graph on the previous example
where the tangents are horizontal.

1 −55
0, −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( , )
3 27
Differentiation Rules
6. The Product Rule

If h 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 , then
ℎ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′(𝑥)

Ex. Differentiate ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 𝑥 5 + 2 , using the

product rule.
′ 6
ℎ 𝑥 = 7𝑥 − 30𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 10 5
Differentiation Rules
7. The Quotient Rule

𝑓(𝑥)
If h 𝑥 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑔(𝑥)
′ ′
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 (𝑥)
ℎ′ 𝑥 =
[𝑔 𝑥 ]2
 4𝑥−3
Find the derivative of ℎ 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +2

2
′
−2(2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 4)
ℎ 𝑥 =
(𝑥 2 + 2)2
Differentiation Rules
8. The Chain Rule

If f and g are differentiable functions, then the

composite function ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ) has a derivative given
by
ℎ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
 3
Find the derivative of ℎ 𝑥 = (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥) 2

′
3 3
1
2
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4𝑥 (3𝑥 + 4)
2
2
 2 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 3𝑢 + 2, where 𝑢 = 𝑥, find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= (2 𝑥 − 3)( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
Differentiation Rules
8. The Power of a Function Rule

If n is any real number and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑛 then

𝑑𝑦 𝑛−1
=𝑛 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
 3 2
Differentiate 𝑦 = .Express your answer in a
𝑥−1
simplified factored form.

1
𝑑𝑦 −23
= 4
𝑑𝑥
3(𝑥 − 1)3
ADD A SLIDE
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“Calculus is just like a walk in the park”

Engr. Mark John M. Amadeo, ECT