METODE

PENELITIAN
ETNOBIOLOGI

Dr. Iis Nur Asyiah

LOGO
 General Ethnobotanical Techniques
 Any ethnobotanical enquiry into the
traditional botanical knowledge (TBK) of
extant peoples is dependent on the effective
applications of a number of key
anthropological and botanical methodologies
 For example, anthropological field techniques
including participant observation and
structured survey permit the collection of both
qualitative and quantitative data related to
plant use and subsistence practices, while
orthodox plant taxonomic methods are crucial
to any accurate ethnobotanical investigation
Techniques such as linguistic and other
symbolic analyses can prove invaluable in
investigating the ways in wich different
peoples recognise their natural world

Archaeobotanical methodology is crucial to the

study of historic and prehistoric peoples
 Participant Observation

Living with people and sharing in many of the

facets of their daily life

Allows access to the hidden aspects of a

society (not just the tourist show) and a richer
description of a society
 Key Informant
The key informant is a local expert (ahli) in
culture, language, or both that guides and
advises the anthropologist about the local
culture

The term is often seen as derogatory;

alternatives can be participants, collaborators,
local counterparts, subjects (-), interviewees
 Types of Interviews
 Informal interview
 Provides qualitative data through in depth
conversation on a broad range of topics
 Used to provide a general ethnographic account of
the community and its culture

 Formal interview
 Provides quantitative data by asking a fixed set of
question to all interviewees
 The basis for statistical analysis for comparing
cultures

 Semi-structured interview
Some questions are pre-determined, others arise in
the course of the interview
 Informal Methods
Qualitative Approach
Snowball or Chained Referral
Works best with the informal interview where
expert knowledge on a specific topic may be in
the hands of a selected group of individuals
(midwifery=bidan)
After interviewing local experts on an area of
interest, ask them about others that are also
knowledgeable
This takes you to known experts without
wasting time on unproductive interviews
 Open-Ended Conversations
 Allow discussions on a broad range of topics to
hone in on what is important to an ethnobotanical
study
 Gardens or herbarium specimens can generate
conversations

 Focus on an ethnobotanical artifact and broaden

the discussion to related objects
Can lead to discussion of related rituals and
taboos, range of materials used, food associated
with construction or use of object, etc.
 Formal Methods
Quantitative Approach
Random Sample

 Random sampling is a systematic way to

consider a cross-section of the community
 It eliminates bias in favor of any particular
social group (more men than women, more old
people than young)
 Randomness can be generated by simple
means (flip of a coin) or more complex
(random numbers table)
 Survey
A questionnaire is usually developed when
comparable information can be gathered from
a broad range of literate informants

An interview schedule (list of questions that

guide the interview) can be used for both
literate and illiterate individuals, requires
interaction with an interviewer
 Survey Questions
 Usually designed for short responses from
a set number of options
 Dichotomous questions (yes/no, true/false)
 Multiple choice (include the choice “other” in
case you missed something)
 Fill in the blank (who? what? where? when?
why? how?)
 All styles require some knowledge of the
culture and a rapport with the informants
 Table 1: Basic model of the interview form
Name of the person interviewed:
Date of birth: ____/____/______ Sex: F ( ) M ( )
Address:
Schooling: Profession:
Do you use medicinal plants? Which ones?
What types of diseases can be treated with these plants?
Which plant parts are used?
( ) Roots ( ) Stem ( ) Flowers
( ) Leaves ( ) Bark ( ) Seeds
( ) Fruits ( ) Entire plant
How is the medicine prepared?
( ) Decocted ( ) Tincture ( ) Syrup
( ) Infusion ( ) Maceration ( ) Other
Municipality: Date:
Name of the Health Agent:
 Preference Ranking
Rank ordering of a set of objects to determine
their order of cultural importance across a
community

The most important in the set is given the

highest number, decreasing in number as the
members of the set decrease in importance
(7,6,5,4,3,2,1)
 Pile Sorting
Participants divide objects into a number of
groups according to overall similarity of the
items
An item can belong in more than one pile;
items can be added as deemed appropriate
Piles are also sorted until each pile contains a
single item
Such sorting is the basis for classification
systems
 In The Field
Establish Rapport

Demonstrate good manners (your cultural

norms as well as those of your hosts)
Show respect, treating others as equals
instead of subordinates
Be open to different activities and life ways
 Insuring Reliable Field Data

The researcher must realize that they are

trying to see another culture through their
own cultural filters; objectivity is a must
Avoid ‘yes’ or ‘no’ style (dichotomous)
questions that limit the response of the
informant (open ended questions)
Become a good listener, accept the pace of the
local people
 Removing Interviewer Bias

Tape record or videotape your interviews

Turn the process over to community members,

letting them record what they think are
important aspects of local beliefs and customs
 Folklore (Cerita Rakyat) Sources
 Ethnobotanical information often shows up in
myths (dongeng) and legends, songs, and/or
incantations=mantera (sacred formulas =
ramuan keramat)
 Reveals symbolic relationships that give insights
into a groups cosmology (place in the universe)
 May indicate proper moral behavior, often
surrounding the environment (urinating in the
river) or the preservation of natural resources
 Can provide knowledge of plants, animals, and
their relationship with each other (ethnoecology)

 Record as many versions as possible to catch all

the details !!!
Contoh Judul Penelitian Etnobotani
 KEANEKARAGAMAN PEMANFAATAN
TUMBUHAN MASYARAKAT DI
SEKITAR TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG
LEUSER
 PEMANFAATAN TUMBUHAN SEBAGAI
OBAT TRADISIONAL DI DESA
TRUNYAN KECAMATAN KINTAMANI
KABUPATEN BANGLI
 TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN YANG
DIGUNAKAN OLEH DUKUN BERANAK
(PARAJI) DAN OBAT-OBATAN BALITA
DI BEBERAPA KAMPUNG, SEKITAR
GUNUNG TANGKUBAN PARAHU,
KABUPATEN BANDUNG, JAWA BARAT
 Jenis Penelitian
Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif
yang menggunakan gabungan metode penelitian
kualitatif dan metode penelitian kuantitatif
(Santhyami dan Sulistyawati, 2009).
Metode kualitatif digunakan untuk mengetahui
penggunaan tumbuhan yang diketahui atau
digunakan masyarakat sebagai obat.
Metode kuantitatif digunakan untuk mengetahui
nilai Informant Concencus Factor dan nilai Use
Value dari tumbuhan yang dimanfaatkan
sebagai obat tradisional oleh masyarakat
 Populasi Dan Sampel

Populasi
Masyarakat di Desa Andongrejo, Desa
Curahnongko dan Wonoasri, Kecamatan
Tempurejo, Kabupaten Jember, Jawa Timur.

Sampel
Masyarakat di sekitar Taman Nasional Meru
Betiri yang mengetahui atau menggunakan
tumbuhan dalam pengobatan tradisional.
 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel

Teknik sampling yang akan digunakan dalam

penelitian ini yaitu Purposive Sampling dan
Snowball Sampling.
Menurut Suharyanto et al, (2009) Snowball
Sampling merupakan teknik sampling dimana
sampel awal yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya,
kemudian menentukan sampel berikutnya
berdasarkan informasi yang diperoleh dari
sampel awal.
Penentuan sampel awal dilakukan dengan
menggunakan Purposive Sampling. Setiawan
(2005) mengungkapkan bahwa, Purposive
Sampling adalah teknik sampling yang dipilih
berdasarkan pertimbangan tertentu, dengan
tujuan untuk memperoleh sampel yang memiliki
karakteristik yang dikehendaki.
 Teknik Pengumpulan Data
Pengumpulan data didapatkan melalui
wawancara semi-structured dengan
menggunakan tipe pertanyaan open-ended
(Simbo, 2010:6-8).
Menurut Albuquerque et al, (2006:51-60) teknik
observasi langsung (participant observation)
digunakan untuk menambah informasi yang
dibutuhkan. Perlakuan wawancara bergantung
pada proses wawancara dan jawaban tiap
individu namun tetap menjamin bahwa peneliti
mengumpulkan jenis data yang sama pada tiap
partisipan (Rachmawati, 2007).
 Sa1
Pa Sp S1 Sn Sa2
Sast

Sb1
Pb Sp S2 Sn Sb2
Sbst
P D
Sc1
Pc Sp S3 Sn Sc2
Scst

Sd1
Pd Sp S4 Sn Sd2
Sdst