CLIMATOLOGY

BY:
PRESENTATION ON
VIKESH
COLD CLIMATE
KULMANI
SARTHAK
PRATEEK
ROHAN
HARSH
 INTRODUCTION
 Regions that lies on the cold climate zone are situated at
high altitude.

 State such as a Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,

Uttarakhand, Arunachala Pradesh, Sikkim and northern part
of UP have a cold climate.

 The temperature ranges between 20 – 30 C in summers,

while in winter ranges from -3 – 8 C, making it quite chilly.

 The cold climate can be further divided two categories:

Cold and sunny Cold and cloudy

 COLD AND SUNNY
 The cold and sunny type of
climate is experienced in Leh
(Ladakh). The region is
mountainous, has little
vegetation, and is considered to
be a cold desert.
 The solar radiation is generally
intense with a very low
percentage of diffuse radiation.
 In summer, the temperature
reaches 17 – 24 C during the day
and 4 – 11 C at night.
COLD AND CLOUDY
 Otacamund, Shimla, Shillong, Srinagar
and Mahabaleshwar are examples of
places belonging to this climatic zone.
These are generally highland regions
having abundant vegetation in
summer.
 The intensity of solar radiation is low in
winter with a high percentage of
diffuse radiation.
 In summer, the maximum ambient
temperatures is in the range of 20 –
30 C during the day and 17 – 27 C at
night, making summers quite pleasant.
 In winter, the values range from -7  In winter, the values range
to 8 o C during the day and -14 to between 4 and 8 o C during the
0 o C at night. Winters thus, are day and -3 to 4 o C at night,
extremely cold. making it quite chilly.

 The relative humidity is  The relative humidity is generally

consistently low ranging from high and ranges from 70 – 80 %.
about 10 – 50 % and precipitation Annual total precipitation is about
is generally less than 200 mm per 1000 mm and is disturbed evenly
year. throughout the year.

 The sky is fairly clear throughout  The sky is overcast for most part of
the year with a cloud cover of less the year except during the brief
than 50%. summer.

The main criteria for design in the both climate region aim at resisting heat loss by
insulation and infiltration, and promoting heat gain by directly admitting and
trapping solar radiation within the living space.
ESSENTIAL FEATURE IN DESIGNING OF A DESIGN CRITERIA
HOUSE
 Increase thermal
 Building will have sloping roof.
resisitence
 Windows will have wooden panels.  Increase thermal capacity
 Timber paneled wall be used instead of brick and  Increase buffer space
stone masonry.  Decrease air exchange
 Bedroom will be on south west of the house. rate
 Roof insulation and double
 Kitchen will be on south east of the house. glazing
 Dining will be on the south.  Thicker walls
 Bathroom will be on the north west of the house.  Air locks/lobbies
 Reduce shading
 Natural light is important in the house.
 Utilize heat from
 Flooring of the house must of the timber. appliances
 Living area should be in the north of the building.  Trapping heat
 Orientation and shape of
 Utility room shoulf be in the south.
building
 Cross ventilation is very important forhealthy living.  Use of trees as a wind
 Trees can be planted near windows for block of barrier
cold air.
RECOMMENDATIONS
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A
REGIONS WITH A COLD AND SUNNY OR
COLD AND CLOUDY CLIMATE ARE AS
FOLLOWS:
 LANDFORM - building should be
located on south slope of a hill or hill for
better access to solar radiation.

 OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM –

Buildings should be clustered together
to minimize exposure to cold winds.
open spaces such that they allow
maximum south sun, they should be
treated with a hard and reflective
surface so that they reflect solar
radiation on to each other
STREET WIDTH AND ORIENTATION:
 In cold climates street orientation should be east to west to allow for
maximum south sun to enter the building.
 the street should be wide enough to ensure that building on one
side do not shade those on the other side.

ORIENTATION AND PLANFORM:

 Building must be compact with small surface to volume ratios to
reduce heat loss.
 Windows should face south facilitate direct gain.
 The north side of the building should be well insulated.
 Living area can be located on southern side while utility area such
as stores can be on northern side.
 Air lock lobbies at the entrance and exit points of the building
reduce heat loss.
 Heat generated appliances in rooms such as kitchen may be used
to heat other parts of building.
BUILDING ENVELOPE
ROOF:
 False ceiling with internal insulation such as a polyurethane foam, thermocol,
wood wool etc. are feasible for houses in cold climates.
 Aluminum foil is generally used between the insulation layer and the roof to
reduce heat loss to the exterior.
 A sufficiently sloping roof enables quick drainage of rain water and snow.
 A solar air collector can be incorporated on the south facing slope of the roof and
hot air from it can be used for space heating purposes.
 Skylights on the roofs admit heat as well as light in winters.
WALLS:
 walls should be made of materials that lost heat slowly.
 The south facing wall (exposed to solar radiation) could be of high thermal
capacity (such as a Trombe wall) to store day time heat for later used.
 The wall should also be insulated.
TROMBE WALL
 A Trombe wall is a system for indirect solar heat gain and, although not extremely
common, is a good example of thermal mass, solar gain, and glazing properties
used together to achieve human comfort goal passively.
 It consists of a dark colored wall of a high thermal mass facing the sun, with glazing
spaced in front to leave a small air space. The glazing traps solar radiation like a
small green house.
 A successful Trombe wall optimizes heat gain and minimizes heat loss during cold
times, and avoid excess heat gain in hot times.
 Hollow and light weight concrete blocks are also suitable.
FENESTRATION
 Its advisable to have the maximum window area on the southern side of the building
to facilitate direct heat gain.
 They should be sealed and preferably double glazed to avoid heat losses during
winter nights.
 condensation in the air space between the panes should be prevented,
 Movable shades should be provided to prevent overheating in summers.
COLOR AND TEXTURE
 The external surface of the wall should be dark in color so that day absorb heat from
the Sun.
 LADAKH
 Ladakh is a region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir that
currently extends from the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram
range to the main Great Himalayas to the south, inhabited by
people of Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent.
 Ladakh is the region at the higher altitude (3505 meters from sea
level)
 During the extreme winters, from November to March, there can
be a minimum temperature of about -40 degrees.
 The rainfall in this region is as low as 10 cm annually. This is
because it lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas
 However, summers are quite warm with temperature around 30
degrees, and clear skies.
 Mountainous region
 There are scanty patches of grasses and shrubs for animals to
graze. During the summers, trees of fruits such as apples, apricots,
and walnuts bloom.
 Fauna like Yaks, ibex, Tibetan hare, Blue sheep, wild ass, Bharal,
Marmot, the Tibetan antelope, also called the Chiru and the
Snow Leopard etc.
 Cold desert
 Climate cold and sunny
 Regions- kargil, leh, nubra, Zanskar.
 SETTLEMENT PATTERN
 Leah is the biggest town of Ladakh.
 The settlement of various sizes are located along the
meandering river Indus flowing from east to west. This
creates northern settlements facing south to allow maximum
sunlight.
 The houses located on the slopes of the mountain rather
than plains or valley I order to increase the duration of sun.
 Also they are close to water bodies and fertile land.
 Urban planning Leh is typically located on the northern
banks of the Indus river.
 The old town is on southern slopes of mountains where as
newer parts are extended plains south west direction.
 The highest point of leh is occupies by houses of nobles and
lower side by commoners and main bazaar area.
 The vertical staging of building ensures the sunlight to all
individual houses.
 The houses are placed in such a manner so that its 2-3 sides
are shared with other house to reduce heat loss.
 The street pattern of old town such that its allow maximum
solar penetration.
 The important streets are laid in north south axis.
ARCHITECTURE SPATIAL LAYOUT
 Most of the houses two storey building
 Larger are based on courtyard while smaller houses don’t have the courtyard
 The ground floor is low in height, used in keeping livestock, storage purposes,
and also to collect toilet waste.
 Upper floor is usually used for living purposes usually consist of prayer room, toilets,
kitchen and drawing rooms.
 Sometimes kitchen and sleeping area same to add warmth inside the house.
 Main hall is furnished with carpets and smoke chimney.
 The main living room is fitted with large windows facing the sun it traps solar
radiation as and indigenous green house mechanism without pening the window
in some cases these windows provided with double glazing to insulating
properties.
 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION
 Primary building material is earth and
timber available locally.
 Both are natural materials offering climatic
comfort in condition of Ladakh.
 They are used due to their high thermal
insulting properties.
 Mud plaster is applied on walls.
 Quartzite stone is used in making lower
storey places or forts where protection
from water is required.
 Stones are used in lower parts of wall to
provide protection and strength.
 Sun dried earth blocks 300 x 150 x 150mm
used for walls of thickness 300 or 450mm.
 Soil available is alluvial soil found in bank of
river.
 Floors of lower storey made up of mud and upper storey by timber.
 Its observed that traditional construction of earth block and timber was able to offer
temperature difference of 40 C in extreme winters. When outside is -20C inside its 20C
recorded.

 The sills and jambs articulated by the plaster band often colored in black or red these
timbers lintels and plaster bands are the distinct feature of ladakhi architecture.
ROOF – FLAT ROOF
 Beams are placed 50-60cm apart having 15cm diameter and 3-4m long.
 These beams are covered by popular willows spread in the other direction its
thickness is 20-30mm
 15-20cm of dry grass, Hay etc. over the willows, finally plastered of clay mud
 Capital and post
supporting the roof

 This type of wooden

design is specialty of
Ladakh.

 The lintels of doors and

windows are corbelled
features with
ornamentation.

 Doors and windows are

made of timber
brought from Kashmir.
 KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE STYLE

 In the rajgarhi area of Uttarkashi

district of Uttarakhand, India a
large number of intact buildings
of a distinct earthquake resistant
type known as koti banal can be
found, this construction type has
been practice for more than 200
years and its reported that koti
banal architecture withstood
and performed well during many
past damaging earth quakes in
the region.
 SITTING AND ORIENTATION
 Situated in a firm ridge on a plane ground having rock
outcrop without any buildings in the immediate vicinity.
THERMAL STRATEGY
 High thermal mass of the budding envelope retains
heat.
 Small window opening prevent heat loss and are south
facing.
 Low floor height (2.2-2.5m) reduces the internal volume
of air to be heated.
 The attic space act as a thermal buffer.
 Regular plain and elevation shapes, integration of wood
beam over the total height of building. Small opening
size and arrangement of shear walls.
 Walls are strengthened against out of plane failure by
shear key in the form of a wooden member which runs
vertically through the storey and is structurally
connected to the timber framing of the building.
 For lateral load resistance (horizontal), pair of wooden logs connected to each other
wooden shear pins/tenons from a wooden frame which is braced by well dressed flat
stone masonry.
 The dry stone masonry between the logs enables a certain levels of flexibility and
allows lateral deflections of the building without damage effects.
 BUILDING FEATURES
ROOFING SYSTEM
 Typically, roofing span is half of the building width. The roof
constructed consist of a wooden frame which is expected to
act as a flexible diaphragm and is clad with slate tiles.
WALL SYSTEM
 50-60cm thick timber reinforced stone masonry. The thickness
of wall is a determined by the thickness of the two parallel
arranged wooden logs.
FLOOR
 Wooden beams door and planks resting on wooden joists
supported by beams or walls.
DOOR AND WINDOWS
 A single small door access on the ground floor and relatively
small south facing windows floor above with wooden frames
and shutters.
SEMI OUTDOOR SPACES
 The upper two floor is have balconies running around the
whole building cantilevering from the wooden logs of the
flooring system with a wooden railing.
ATTIC SPACE
 MULTI FUNCTIONAL
SPACE
 SERVED AS ABODE
OF GOD
 STORAGE OF GRAIN
 WINDOWS-
VENTILATES AND
HELPS TO DRY THE
GRAIN
 PROTECT FROM THE
RAIN
 INSULATES THE
HOUSE
THE END