‘

TO : MR. RAVINDRA BHARADWAJ

BY: ARNAB SINGH
 INDEX
• MEANING
• USES AND ANALYSIS
• TYPES
• METHODS
• NUMERICALS
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• MEANING : In statistics , association tells
you whether two variables are related. An
attribute refers to the quality of a
characteristics.
• Two attributes are said to be associated if
they are not independent but are related in
some way or the other .
• Statistics helps in analyzing various
economic problems such as inflation ,
unemployment etc. by looking at numbers
trends over the years.
• It includes such consideration as what data
to collect in order to quantify some
particular aspect of an economy.
• POSITIVE ASSOCIATION : Two attributes A and B are
(𝐴)(𝐵)
said to be positive when; (AB) >
(𝑁)
• NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION : Two attributes A and B
(𝐴)(𝐵)
are said to be negative when ; (AB) <
(𝑁)
• INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION : Two association are
(𝐴)(𝐵)
said to be independent when ; (AB) =
(𝑁)
We have following measurement or determination of
studying the association between two attributes :

PROPORTION METHOD :
This method consist in comparing the presence or
absence of a given attribute to the other .
𝐴 ∗(𝐵)
Expected frequency of (AB) =
𝑁
In this method actually observed frequencies of
attributes are compared with their expected
frequencies .
• It is a mathematical measure of the intensity of
association between the two attributes say , A and
B . It is denoted by Q .
• It is the most popular method . It is given by :
𝐴𝐵 αβ −(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)
Q=
𝐴𝐵 (αβ)+(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)
• Generally , Q lies between +1 and -1 .
Yule has computed another measure called the
coefficient of colligation .
It has the same properties as Q . It is denoted by Y and
is given by :
(𝐴β)(α𝐵)
1−√(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)
Y= (𝐴β)(α𝐵)
1+√(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)

This colligation is less used in practical .

 NUMERICAL
QUESTION : If (A) = 450 ; (B) =650 (AB) = 310 and (N) =
1000 find whether A and B are independent or
associated .
SOLUTION : we are given (AB) = 310
𝐴 ∗(𝐵) 450 ∗650
=
(𝑁) 1000
= 292.5
The attributes A and B are positively associated .
 NUMERICAL
QUESTION : out of 715 literates in a particular city of India ,
number of criminals was 8 while out of 975 illiterates in the
same city, 17 were criminals . Find out of illiteracy and
criminality are associated or independent by using the
proportion method .
SOLUTION : Let us define the attributes ;
A: illiteracy B: criminality
α: 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 β: non – criminality
We are given : (A) = 975 (B) = 17 (α) =715 (αβ)= 8
proportion method :
(𝐴𝐵) 17
Illiterates who were criminal : = = 1.74%
(𝐴) 975
αβ 8
Literates who were criminals : = = 1.12%
α 715
since A and B are positively associated
 NUMERICAL
Q 1600 candidates appeared for competitive
examination 425 were successful, 252 had attended a
coaching class and of these 150 came successful. Is
there any association between success and utility of
coaching class?
SOLUTION, Let,
A= successful candidates
B = candidates attending coaching class
N= 1660, (A) =425 , (B) = 252 (AB) = 150
(𝐴)(𝐵) 425 ∗252
AB = =64.52
𝑁 1660
it is positive association between success and utility of
coaching classes .
 NUMERICAL
QUESTION : show that whether A and B are
independent , positively associated or negatively
associated ?

(AB) =128 (αB) = 384 (Aβ) =24 (αβ)=72

SOLUTION : (A) = (AB) + (Aβ)
128 + 24
=152
(B) = (AB) +(αB)= 128+384
=512
(α) =(αB) +(αβ) =384 + 72
=456
(N) =(A) +(α) = 152+456
= 608
𝐴 ∗(𝐵) 152 ∗512
= =128
(𝑁) 608
(A) and (B) are independent.

NUMERICAL
QUESTION :Show whether A and B are
independent , positively associated or
negatively associated ?
N = 1000 (A) =450 (B) = 600 (AB) =340
𝐴 ×(𝐵)
SOLUTION: we have given ;
(𝑁)
450 ∗600
= 270
1000
(𝐴)(𝐵)
Thus, (AB) =340 > ; since they are positively
(𝑁)
associated.

NUMERICAL
QUESTION : :Show whether A and B are
independent , positively associated or
negatively associated ?
N = 1000 (A) =500 (B) = 400(AB) =200
(𝐴)(𝐵) 500×400
SOLUTION : = 200
(𝑁) 1000
Here , A and B are independent .
 NUMERICAL
QUESTION : N = 1482 (A) =368 (B) =343 and (AB) = 35,
find Yule’s coeffecient of association ?
SOLUTION : To compute :
𝐴𝐵 αβ −(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)
Q=
𝐴𝐵 (αβ)+(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)
(αβ) = 343-35 =308 (Aβ) = 368-35=333
(αβ) = (N)- (A )–(B) +(AB) =1482-368-343+35 = 806
35 806 −(333)(308) 74354
Q= = =0.57
35 (806)+(333)(308) 130774
There is a negative association between A and B.
 NUMERICAL
QUESTION : Find out if there is any association between
intelligence of husband and intelligent of wife from the
following data :
Intelligent husbands with intelligent wives : 40
Intelligence husbands with dull wives : 110
Dull husbands with intelligent wives :160
Dull husbands with dull wives : 190
SOLUTION : Let ;
(AB) =40 (Aβ) = 110 (α B) = 160 (αβ) = 190
𝐴𝐵 αβ −(𝐴𝐵)(αβ) 40 190 −(110)(160) −10000
Q= = Q= = =-
𝐴𝐵 (αβ)+(𝐴𝐵)(αβ) 40 (190)+(110)(160) 25200
.39 approx
 NUMERICAL
QUESTION : Find out if there is any association between
intelligence of husband and intelligent of wife from the
following data by coefficient of colligation :
Intelligent husbands with intelligent wives : 40
Intelligence husbands with dull wives : 110
Dull husbands with intelligent wives :160
Dull husbands with dull wives : 190
(𝐴β)(α𝐵) (110)(160)
1−√ 1−√ 1−1.52
SOLUTION : Y= = Y= = = -0.2
(𝐴𝐵)(αβ) (40)(90)
(𝐴β)(α𝐵) (110)(160) 1+5.52
1+√(𝐴𝐵)(αβ) 1+√
(40)(90)
 NUMERICAL
QUESTION : Out of 1000 students who took up an
examination only 400 were successful Out of 1000 the
number of married persons was 100 and only 10 of them
were successful . Do you find any association between
marriage and success ?
SOLUTION : let A represent married B = successful
(A) =100 (B)=400 (AB) =10 (N) =1000
𝐴 ×(𝐵) 100 ×400
expected value of (AB) = = = 40
(𝑁) 1000
The actual value is less than their exception. Hence there
is negative association between two attributes A and B .
 CONCLUSION
 Statistical attributes are related with
qualitative property.
 Statistics of attributes are obtained by
counting the absence and presence of
attributes .
 Statistics of attributes cannot be
interchanged with statistics of variables
whereas statistics of variable can be
interchanged with statistics of attribute.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• WWW.wikipedia.COM
• Advanced statistics book(D.E.I)
• Business statistics book (DR . S.P. GUPTA)