CROSS-LAMINATED

TIMBER (MASS
TIMBER)
CE ELECTIVE 4: CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS AND PROCESSES

REPORTER NO. 35: SHEEN CLAIRE MAE B. GABAISEN

 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION PROCESS AND VIDEO

USAGE PRESENTATION
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 WHAT IS CROSS-LAMINATED
TIMBER (CLT)?
 SUSTAINABILITY
 PERFORMANCE
 CONSTRUCTION EFFICIENCY
 HISTORY
Recognized in
AMERICA

Interes 1st
NORTH

t Building
Production
began Codes
EUROPE

199 200 200 201 201

0 0 5 0 5
Austria
industry- Significantly
academia increased use
joint in Europe
research
 WHAT IS CLT?
CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER
- is defined as a massive or a mass timber
product.
- is a solid wood board, which is
manufactured by glue-ing boards/battens
crosswise in several layers.
 SUSTAINABILITY
 REDUCED EMBODIED
CARBON
 MINIMAL WASTE
PRODUCTION
 HIGH ENERGY EFFICIENCY
REDUCED EMBODIED CARBON
CLT contains "
sequestered
carbon
," or carbon
naturally stored
in wood during
tree growth.
Comparison of the energy consumption (GJ/m2) of
various construction methods during production:
MINIMAL WASTE PRODUCTION
 Waste  made on the construction
site will be fed back to the
manufacturer for use as carbon
neutral energy.
 The use of Cross Laminated Timber
on site results in little to no job site
waste in all aspects.
 HIGH ENERGY EFFICIENCY
 Greater air-tightness
 CLT has a lower energy
consumptions
 Provide greater level of
thermal resistance
 PERFORMANCE
 GOOD FIRE RESISTANCE
 DISASTER RESILIENCE
 HIGH PERFORMING
ACOUSTICS
 ENVIRONTMENT-FRIENDLY
 STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILITY
 GOOD FIRE RESISTANCE
Fire in timber advances at a rate of 0.7 to 0.8
millimeters per minute. If a CLT wall is 100 mm, it
would end up being consumed after more than 2
hours, even if it were untreated wood. 
WALL ASSEMBLIES FLOOR ASSEMBLIES
CLT Fire
CLT Fire NO. OF
NO. OF Thickness resistance
Thickness resistance PLIES
PLIES (mm) (min)
(mm) (min)
3 105 86
3 114 106 5 175 124
5 175 113 7 245 178
DISASTER RESILIENCE
 It delivers at minimum the same
structural strength as reinforced
concrete.
 High degree of flexibility that has to
undergo great deformations to break
and collapse.
 CLT wall panels can be used as an
effective lateral load resisting system
HIGH PERFORMING ACOUSTICS

Offers good acoustic performance

for sound transmission between
walls and floors.
CLT elements could perform well
acoustically in residential and non-
residential buildings.
 ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY
 Less Carbon-emission
Footprint
 Stores Carbon naturally
 Doesn't require the burning
of fossil fuels during its
production
STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILITY
 Ability to resist high racking and
compressive forces.
 Provides superior dimensional stability and
offers significant shear strength
performance
 A 230 mm, 7-ply floor, CLT can provide
spans of 7.5 m without beams or columns
(Crespell 2010).
 No residual deformation
 CONSTRUCTION EFFICIENCY
 CLT provides the opportunity for a continuous
building envelope with a quick erection time and a
significantly reduced construction footprint when
compared to concrete and steel construction.
 Further, crews can be as little as 2 to 8 carpenters
plus one or two mobile crane operators (Crespell
2010). Therefore, a lower capital cost and a faster
project completion time give CLT further
advantageous benefits over the use of concrete
and steel.
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION PROCESS AND VIDEO

USAGE PRESENTATION
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS
1. SPECIES SELECTION
2. DRYING
3. STRENGTH GRADING
4. VISUAL GRADING
5. REMOVING DEFECTS
6. ENDLESS LAMELLAE
7. PANEL ASSEMBLY
8. COMPLETION
 SPECIES SELECTION
1. SPECIES SELECTION
2. DRYING
3. STRENGTH GRADING
4. VISUAL GRADING
5. REMOVING DEFECTS
6. ENDLESS LAMELLAE
7. PANEL ASSEMBLY
8. COMPLETION
 REFERENCES
https://research.cnr.ncsu.edu/blogs/clt-panels/history-of-cro
ss-laminated-timber/
Introduction to Cross Laminated Timber – M. Mohammad,
Sylvain Gagnon, Eng., Bradford K. Douglas, P.E., Lisa Podesto
P.E.
https://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Case-for-
CLT-Part-11.pdf
CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER - Cameron Stauder,
Fachhochschule Salzburg: UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED
SCIENCES, 27 SEPTEMBER 2013
https://www.greengage-env.com/sustainability-benefits-cross-
laminated-timber/
Energy retrofit analysis of cross-laminated timber residential
buildings in Seoul, Korea: Insights from a case study of
packages - Hyun MiCho, Ji HunPark, SeunghwanWi, Seong
JinChang, Geun YoungYun, SuminKim.
https://www.apawood.org/cross-laminated-timber
https://www.theb1m.com/video/what-is-cross-laminated-timber-
clt
https://www.archdaily.com/922980/is-cross-laminated-timber-
clt-the-concrete-of-the-future?ad_source=search&ad_medium=s
earch_result_all
https://www.archdaily.com/893442/cross-laminated-timber-clt-w
hat-it-is-and-how-to-use-it
https://thebossmagazine.com/sustainable-future-cross-laminat
ed-timber
/
https://axaxl.com/fast-fast-forward/articles/benefits-and-risks-
of-building-with-cross-laminated-timber
http://
timberpanelstructures.blogspot.com/2015/10/some-pros-cons-o
f-crosslam-construction.html
http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/crosslam-timber-in
troduction
/
https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/57651
https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/03/26/business/real-estate-
and-property/new-dawn-for-the-timber-industry/530855
/
https://axaxl.com/fast-fast-forward/articles/benefits-and-risks-
of-building-with-cross-laminated-timber_part-2