Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Testing If A Relationship Occurs Between Two Variables Using Correlation
Testing If A Relationship Occurs Between Two Variables Using Correlation
25.00
20.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Distance from the town center (km)
Evernia prunastri
variables
15.00
10.00
• Calculation of a
correlation coefficient r
5.00
(range from –1 to +1)
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 • r +1 : +ve correlation
Distance from the town center (km)
• r 0 : no correlation
• r –1 : -ve correlation
A B
X2 X2
X1 X1
C D
X2 X2
X1 X1
Covar(x1, x2) =
Covariance (x1 – x1)(x2- x2)/(n – 1)
5
= [(-6)(4) + (5)(3) + (-2)(-10)](3-1)
4
3 = 5.5
Mean point
-6 (X1, X2)
Pearson’s r product-moment
X2
Convenient form
乳癌自一九九四年
開始,已取代肺
癌 成 為 本 港 女 性 最
常患的癌症,新
症數字也較二十年
前上升兩倍,患
者除漸趨年輕化之
外,平均每二十
四名女性便有一名
乳癌患者,女士
們不應再低估自己
患 乳 癌 的 機 會 。....
X1 X2
30.00
Distance Length X1^2 X2^2 X1X2
25.00
3.16 11.60 9.99 134.56 36.66
6.10 20.10 37.21 404.01 122.61
20.00 7.15 20.80 51.12 432.64 148.72
Max length (mm)
Reject Ho
n=9 Sum = 216.5
Problems of multiple tests
Character
Character 1 2 3 4
2 r 0.708
p value 0.010
3 r 0.750 0.398
p value 0.005 0.200
4 r 0.216 0.823 0.795
p value 0.500 0.001 0.002
5 r 0.497 0.398 0.658 0.658
p value 0.100 0.200 0.020 0.020
X Y 0.6
9 0.47 0.40
10 0.51 0.43 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
11 0.55 0.47
[Pb] (ug/g) - Method A
0.6
0.5
Concordance correlation
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
X Y XY X^2 Y^2 xy x y
Sample Method A Method B
1 0.22 0.21 0.05 0.05 0.04
2 0.26 0.23 0.06 0.07 0.05
3 0.30 0.27 0.08 0.09 0.07
4 0.33 0.27 0.09 0.11 0.07
5 0.36 0.31 0.11 0.13 0.10
6 0.39 0.33 0.13 0.15 0.11
7 0.41 0.37 0.15 0.17 0.14
8 0.44 0.38 0.17 0.19 0.14
9 0.47 0.40 0.19 0.22 0.16
10 0.51 0.43 0.22 0.26 0.18
11 0.55 0.47 0.26 0.30 0.22
Ecotoxicologist
Individual responses to stresses
What
What is
is aa
biomarker
biomarker
??
Biological
Biological
responses
responsesto toaa
stress
stressoror
stresses
stressesthat
that
give
giveaameasure
measure
of
ofexposure
exposure
and
andsometimes,
sometimes,
also,
also,of
oftoxic
toxic
effect
effect
Biomarker of Aging: Telomeres