Introduction

 Rotating electrical machines are widely used for the purpose of

converting energy from one form to the other. There are four
types of rotating electrical machines namely:
Generator
Motors
Rotary Converters
Frequency Converters
Electric Generators - when in operation, is driven mechanical
machine usually called as prime mover. The latter may be a steam
turbine, a gasoline engine, an electric motor, or even a hand
operated crank. Generators consists essentially of two important
parts:
 even sets of electromagnetics or permanent magnets
 Armature winding
In the direct current generators; the armature winding is
mechanically rotated through the stationary magnetic field created
by the electromagnets or permanent magnets
Electric Motor – when in operation, is supplied with electrical
energy and develops torque, that is a tendency to produce
rotation. If the motor free to turn, it will do so and cause
mechanical rotation of itself and its application
Rotary Converter – is a rotating machines that change
electrical energy of one form into electrical energy of another
form, the usual arrangement is to change a-c energy into d-c
energy, although the reverse is sometimes done.
To accomplish this remarkable change, the input (a-c energy) is
first converted into mechanical energy, thereby converting
mechanical energy into d-c electrical energy.
Frequency Converter – a machine whose function is to change
a-c electrical energy at one frequency into a-c electrical energy
at another frequency. In the usual arrangement for such a
change of frequency, two rotating machines are directly coupled
together; one of them operates as an a-c motor when connected
to an a-c source having a given frequency, while the other,
driven, machine function as an a-c generator to deliver electrical
at some other frequency.
 The armature windings of all types of motor and generators are
always laminated wound on laminated steel cores of good
magnetic permeability. The current in the armature windings of
all motors and generators, whether of direct or alternating
current, is always alternating.
 In the direct current generators, the generated electromotive
is first rectified by the commutator and its brushes, to change
to direct current,, before it is transmitted to the load.
 In the direct current motors, however, direct current is
delivered to the brushes but flows as alternating current in the
armature winding after passing the brushes and commutator.
 The electromagnetics (field poles) are always an even number
in a given machine, and each one consists of a laminated steel
core, of rectangular cross section, surrounded by one or more
copper coils.
 There are only two general types of direct current generator.
They are distinguished by the way in the flux is produced by the
electromagnets.
 Shunt Generator. If the excitation is produced by a single
winding connected to its own positive and negative brushes, the
machine is called a self-excited shunt generator, or , briefly, a
shunt generator. In some special cases in which the excitation
is produced by a single winding connected to the positive and
negative bus bars fed by another d-c generator, the machine is
called a separately-excited shunt generator.
 Compound Generator. The second type of generator has two
complete sets of field winding for excitation purposes:
shunt field
series field
Both field winding are placed over one set of pole cores and act
together to create a common set of magnetic fluxes. Such a
machine is called a compound generator.
 It is customary for a direct current generator; whether shunt
or compound, to operate at a speed that remains substantially
constant at all times. The speed of the generator is determined
and controlled by the machine that drives it, that is, its prime
mover. Therefore, if the prime mover is a constant-speed
machine such as turbine, a steam engine, a water wheel or a
synchronous motor, the generator speed will be constant.
 There are three general types of direct current motor, and these, like
direct current generators, are classified on the basis of the kind of
excitation used.
Shunt motor is a motor which has a high resistance field winding of
many turns of fine wire and connected in parallel with the armature.
A Series motor has extremely low-resistance field winding of very
few turns of heavy wire and connected in series with the armature.
Compound motor is a machine that is excited by a combination of a
shunt field (many turns of fine wire) connected in shunt with the
armature and a series field (few turns of heavy wire) in series with the
armature.