Professional Documents
Culture Documents
08 Basic Piping
08 Basic Piping
We need some
branch
We need some bend connections
connections
These are the pipe fittings,
There are various types of fittings for various
purposes, some common types are -
Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches,
Reducers/Expanders, Couplings, Olets, etc.
Not Preferable
Preferable
While carrying out pipe routing we also need to consider the following
Valves, strainers, instruments on the pipe should be easily accessible.
If needed separate ACCESS PLATFORMS to be provided to facilitate these.
Desired location and orientation of valves / instruments and other pipe components are to
be checked and maintained, like some valves or strainers can only be installed in
horizontal position.
Specific requirements for instrument installation to be checked, like temperature gauge
can not be installed in pipe which is less than 4 inch in size.
Specific requirements of STRAIGHT LENGTH of pipe for some components to be
maintained, like for flow orifice we need to provide 15 times diameter straight pipe length
at upstream of orifice and 5 times diameter straight at down stream of orifice.
Find out type of Find out Fluid Check Pipe life Select suitable Check Mat. Listed YES Pipe
Fluid flowing Temp. & Expectancy Material per practice in Design Code Material
Pressure (Note-1) OK
Note-1 : Material is selected per past experience with cost in mind and per
material listed in design code. If material is not listed in code we NO
may select next suitable material listed.
See Note-1
Pipe Sizing Calculation - to select required pipe diameter based on velocity and pressure drop.
Find out Flow Check Velocity Calc. flow area Calc. Press. Check Press. Drop YES Pipe Size
volume per Allowable per required and Pipe Drop for that meets Press. OK
second second size Pipe size Budget
NO
Increase
Pipe Size
Pipe Thickness Selection - to select appropriate pipe thickness based on flowing fluid property.
Steam pipes run at very high temperature and the hot pipes expand. We have to built in flexibility in
the high temperature pipe routing so that the expansion force is absorbed within the piping.
Also there should be enough flexibility in these pipe routing so that high loads are not transferred to
the nozzles of Turbine or Pumps
There are many recognized international codes which lay down guide lines and mandatory
requirements for design of such piping.
The most important codes used by power plant piping engineers are
ASME ANSI B31.1- Power Piping Code & IBR - the Indian Boiler Regulation
Pipe Stress Analysis
We have already seen that some of the pipes are subjected to high pressure and high temperature.
Also pipes carry the load of the flowing fluid.
We need to check and confirm the pipe is not going to fail with these loading.
This process of checking the stress developed in the piping due to various loading is called Pipe
Stress Analysis/Flexibility analysis.
In the process of Analysis we apply various postulated loading on the pipe and find out the stress
resulted from these loading.
Then we check with governing codes if those stresses generated are acceptable or not.
We check support load & movement for various loading condition.
We also check out the terminal point loading generated from pipe to the equipment connected to the
pipe. This loading are to be within acceptable limits of the equipment suggested by the vendors.
We also find out the pipe growth due to change in temperature and need to keep the movement of
pipe within acceptable limits.
Pipe Stress Analysis is an Interactive and Iterative process. Each step is checked
If a check fails we have to go back, modify the layout and restart the analysis.
PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS
Rigid Hanger
Constant load support, the load remains
constant within some range of movement.
Support
Rigid
Dynamic Support,
Snubber
Rigid Support
Some Special Considerations for Piping
When pipes are routed UNDER GROUND (Buried) following points to be kept in mind:
Minimum pipe size to be routed under ground shall be not less than1 inch.
Avoid flange joint in U/G piping.
Keep in mind if pipe leaks U/G, it will be difficult to detect, so avoid U/G routing of pipe carrying hazardous fluid.
Pipe to be laid below Frost Zone at areas where ambient temperature goes below freezing.
U/G, Buried piping should be properly protected from corrosion.
Pipe may be properly wrapped and coated to prevent corrosion.
Or U/G piping be protected by using Cathodic protection.