THE POLARITY OF A MOLECULE

BASED ON ITS STRUCTURE

Molecules
 Molecule

It is the smallest particle in a

chemical element or
compound that has the
chemical properties of that
element or compound.
Molecules are made up of atoms
that are held together by
chemical bonds. These bonds
form as a result of the sharing or
exchange of electrons among
atoms.
 Molecule is polar or
nonpolar given its structure
Did you know that such molecule may exhibit
polarity based on its 3-dimensional shape?

There are millions of different

molecules, and there are many
ways to sort them.
One way to classify them is based
on polarity.
 Polarity

Means having dipoles, a

positive and a negative end.
Based on polarity, molecules
can be polar or nonpolar.
 Polar molecules

Have dipoles.
Their dipole moments do not add up to zero
(or do not cancel out).
Water and carbon monoxide are examples
of polar molecules.
Nonpolar molecules

Do not have positive or negative ends. Their

dipole moments add up to zero (they cancel
out).
Generally, you can tell if a molecule is polar or
nonpolar based on:
its structure or shape
the polarity of the individual bonds present in
the molecule
Steps in Determining the
Polarity of a Molecule
STEP 1
Draw the correct Lewis structure
and molecular geometry of the
molecule.
Lewis structure

How many valence electron does

chlorine have?
Look at you periodic table.
With an any given column, all the element with the same
column have the same number of valence electrons. To get
that number, count the column starting form the left.
Skip the transition metals. The only exemption is helium, which
has only 2 valence electron not 8.
In Lewis, Dots represent valence electrons
In putting dots don’t put it anywhere.
Example

Lewis Diagram for H2

Shared electrons are counted as owned by both atoms

1line = single bond = 2 electrons
2 lines = double bonds = 4 electrons
3 lines = triple bond = 6 electrons
2 dots re called 1 lone pair of electrons
 H2O

Count all valence electrons

Determine Central Atom
(the element there is only one of)
Draw single bonds to the central atom
Put all remaining valence electrons on atom as lone pairs
OCTET RULE

Turn lone pairs into double or triple bonds to

give every atom an octet(or duet).
Basically, it states that every atom wants to
have eight valence electrons.
Exceptions in OCTET RULE

Hydrogen, beryllium, and boron have too few electrons

to form an octet.
Hydrogen has only one valence electron and only one
place to form a bond with another atom.
Beryllium has only two valence atoms, and can form
only electron pair bonds in two locations.
Boron has three valence electrons
STEP 2
2. Identify the polarity of each bond present in the
molecule.
A bond is polar when the atoms in the bond have
different electronegativities.
Recall that electronegativity is the measure of the tendency of an
atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. (You may use the
periodic table to determine the electronegativity values of the
atoms.)
STEP 3
Draw the dipole moment vectors for polar
bonds. The dipole moment vector points to
the more electronegative atom.
STEP 4

Determine the sum of the dipole moment vectors.

If the dipole moments cancel out each other, the
molecule is nonpolar; otherwise, it is polar.
The Properties of a Molecule
Based on Its Polarity
SOLUBILITY
 The rule of thumb “like dissolves like” ?
 Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents
 For example, sucrose is soluble in water because both of them are
polar molecules.
 Water is the most common polar solvent on Earth. It will dissolve
acids, ionic salts, alcohol, ammonia, sugars and even silicates from
rock if under high pressure and temperature.
SOLUBILITY
Nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
The most common non-polar solvents and solutes
are the hydrocarbons.
Mainly found in crude oils and tars, hydrocarbons,
like petrol and mineral turpentine, will dissolve oils,
grease, wax, tar, methane gas and most organic
molecules.
MELTING POINT

 Melting point is the temperature at which a solid turns into liquid.

 Heat is needed to break the forces of attraction between the
molecules.
 Because the polar molecules have relatively stronger forces of
attraction compared to nonpolar ones, greater amount of heat
must be applied to break these forces.
 Therefore, in general, polar molecules have higher melting points
than nonpolar molecules.
BOILING POINT
Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid
turns into gas.
Similar to melting point, greater amount of heat is
needed to break the forces of attraction of polar
molecules compared to nonpolar ones.
Generally, polar molecules have higher boiling
points than nonpolar molecules.
Types of Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction
What are the types of intermolecular forces
that can be present between molecules?

Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces

present between molecules.
Generally, they are called van der Waals forces,
named after the Dutch scientist Johannes van der
Waals.
The different types of intermolecular
forces of attraction (IMFA) are:

London dispersion forces (LDF)

Dipole-dipole forces
Hydrogen bonding
London dispersion force

present in all molecules

caused by fluctuations in the
electron distribution within
atoms or molecules
weak type of IMFA
Ex. Chlorine
Dipole-dipole forces

attractive forces between polar

molecules
result of the electrical
interactions among dipoles on
neighboring molecules
moderately strong type of IMFA
Ex. Hydrogen Chloride
Hydrogen bonding

a special kind of dipole-dipole force

an attractive force between a
hydrogen atom of one molecule and
a highly electronegative atom (O, N,
or F) of another molecule
strongest type of IMFA
The Uses of Different Materials According
to Their Properties and Structures:

Medical Implants
Atoms and molecules combine to form hundreds
of thousands of different materials people use
every day.
The properties of these materials are influenced by
their chemical structures.
In turn, their properties determine their uses.
A medical implant is a chemical substance or a
device used to replace, support, or improve a part
of the human body.
It should be stable, inert, heat-resistant,
biocompatible, and long-lasting.
Materials Used for Medical Implants
In general, the materials used for
implants can be categorized into three,
namely, metals, ceramics,
and polymers.
 Metals

Metals have particles that are held together by strong

metallic bonds.
They are strong and durable.
They are also good conductors of electricity because of
the free flowing electrons.
 Alloys

 Alloys are combinations of one or more

metals held together by metallic bonds.
 They contain atoms that have different
sizes, which distort the regular arrangement
of atoms.
 This distortion makes it more difficult for the
layers of atoms to slide over each other, so
alloys are harder and stronger than most
pure metals.
 Examples

Alloys are often used for load-bearing

implants because of their high
strength, durability, and inertness.
For example, stainless steel is one of
the most common alloys used
in orthopaedic implants, which are
medical devices that can replace a
missing joint or support a damaged
bone.
 Ceramics

Ceramics are nonmetallic, inorganic solids with ionic or

covalent bonds.
They are commonly used in dental implants, such as
crowns, cement, and dentures.
They are hard, inert, and durable materials.
 Example

Zirconia ceramic (ZrO2) is a crystalline

solid held together by covalent bonds.
 The strong bonds and the regularity of
the crystalline structure give rise to the
high strength and toughness of the
material.
Zirconia is often used in
restorative crowns because of
its biocompatibility and smooth
surface finish.
 Polymers

Polymers are molecules with a large number of

repeating units of covalently bonded chain of atoms.
They are versatile biomaterials with applications on
facial, orthopaedic, and dental prosthesis.
 Example

A common polymer used in implants

is silicone.
Silicone is polymerized siloxanes.
It contains silicone-oxygen backbone
chain with organic side groups bonded
to the silicon atoms.
Silicone has a long polymer chain.
The intermolecular forces of attraction between
the chains are very strong. Therefore, silicone
has high strength and durability.
Also, its long chains can uncoil and slide past
each other, making the material flexible.
Because of its strength and flexibility, silicone is
often used to replace original joint surfaces.
The Uses of Different Materials According to Their
Properties and Structures:

Sports Equipment
Sports equipment is any necessary item that
is used to play sports, can be a game
equipment (ball, racket, net) or a player's
equipment (shoes, pads, clothes).
Materials Used for Sports Equipment
In the field of sports, material selection is very important for the
success and performance of any athlete.
The characteristics of the materials should include strength and
durability for each sports equipment to perform its purpose well.
In general, the materials used in making sports equipment are
also the same with the materials in making medical implants. It
can also be categorized into three types: metals, ceramics,
and polymers. However, some of the materials also are made
of natural materials like wood.
Metals

Metals are composed of particles held together

by strong metallic bonds, making them strong and
durable.
 Example

Alloys are usually used in sports equipment that requires

strength or stiffness in weight performance. They are
made of two or more metals and other substances
which improve the strength, hardness, durability,
formability, and tensile strength of the metal.
For example, aluminum alloy is one of the most
common alloys used in the frameset of a bicycle.
This material does not only support the weight of
the person but also provide a lightweight feel
without sacrificing its durability.
Stainless steel is commonly used
in making golf clubs. Titanium
alloys are used in making
baseball bats over wood
because some players tend to
break the bats after hitting the
baseball.
 Ceramic

Ceramics are nonmetallic, inorganic solids with ionic or

covalent bonds.
They are commonly used in sports equipment parts that
receive impact.
They are lightweight, durable, and has wear resistance
than many plastic materials.
 Example

Ceramic fibers are also used in

several head tennis racquets
which add power whenever
hitting the ball.
 Polymers

Polymers have molecules with a large number of

repeating units of covalently bonded chain of atoms.
They are used to make protective sports equipment.
They are known for durability and flexibility.
 Polycarbonate is a strong, shatter-free polymer that is
usually found in protective sports equipment such as
in biking and equestrian competitions. They can be
also seen in protective visors and sunglasses as well as
swimming goggles.
 Polyurethane is commonly used in soccer balls. It is a
synthetic material that coats the leather material in
the ball and protects it from damages like tears,
scuffs, and scratches.
The Structures, Properties, and Functions
of Biomolecules
Biomolecules are large organic
compounds that are important to life’s
processes, such as respiration and
metabolism.
They are generally classified into four major
groups – proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and
nucleic acids.
 Proteins

Proteins are biomolecules composed of amino acid units.

Amino acids are organic molecules that have a central
carbon atom bonded to four different groups — an amino
group (−NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (−COOH), a
hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain, R.
The side chain can range from a single hydrogen atom to
complex ring structures.