Statistics and

Probability
Arrange the data given in
order (Lowest to Highest)
Daily allowance of Grade 11 students:

20, 20, 10, 15, 20, 10, 5, 25, 25, 30, 50, 40, 45,
40

Answer:
5, 10, 10, 15, 20, 20, 20, 25, 25, 30, 40,
40, 45, 50
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TABLE (FDT)
 An FDT is a presentation containing non-
overlapping categories or classes of a
variable and the frequencies or counts of
the observations falling into the
categories or classes.
Frequency Distribution Table
 STEPS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF FDT
1. Identify the largest data value or
the maximum (MAX) and smallest
data value or the minimum (MIN)
from the data set and compute the
range, R. The range is the difference
between the largest and smallest
value, i.e. R = MAX – MIN.
2. Determine the number of classes, k
usingkN = , where N is the total number of
observations in the data set. Round-off k to
the nearest whole number. It should be
noted that the computed k might not be
equal to the actual number of classes
constructed in an FDT.

3. Calculate the class size, c, using c = R/k.

Round off c to the nearest value with
precision the same as that with the raw
data.
4. Construct the classes or the class intervals. A class
interval is defined by a lower limit (LL) and an upper
limit (UL). The LL of the lowest class is usually the MIN
of the data set. The LL’s of the succeeding classes
are then obtained by adding c to the LL of the
preceding classes. The UL of the lowest class is
obtained by subtracting one unit of measure (1/10),
where x is the maximum number of decimal places
observed from the raw data from the LL of the next
class. The UL’s of the succeeding classes are then
obtained by adding c to the UL of the preceding
classes. The lowest class should contain the MIN,
while the highest class should contain the MAX.
5. Tally the data into the classes constructed in
Step 4 to obtain the frequency of each class. Each
observation must fall in one and only one class.

6. Add the following distributional characteristics:

a. True Class Boundaries (TCB). The TCBs reflect the

continuous property of a continuous data. It is
defined by a lower TCB (LTCB) and an upper TCB
(UTCB). These are obtained by taking the midpoints
of the gaps between classes or by using the
following formulas: LTCB = LL – 0.5(one unit of
measure) and UTCB = UL + 0.5(one unit of measure)
 b.Class Mark (CM). The CM is the midpoint of a
class and is obtained by taking the average of
the lower and upper TCB’s, i.e. CM = (LTCB +
UTCB)/2.
 c. Relative Frequency (RF). The RF refers to the
frequency of the class as a fraction of the total
frequency, i.e. RF = frequency/N. RF can be
computed for both qualitative and quantitative
data. RF can also be expressed in percent.
 d. Cumulative Frequency (CF). The CF refers to
the total number of observations greater than or
equal to the LL of the class (>CF) or the total
number of observations less than or equal to the
UL of the class (<CF).
e. Relative Cumulative Frequency (RCF).
RCF refers to the fraction of the total
number of observations greater than or
equal to the LL of the class (>RCF) or the
fraction of the total number of observations
less than or equal to the UL of the class
(<RCF). Both the <RCF and >RCF can also
be expressed in percent.
Example